International Journal of Law And Criminology

An Integrated CPTED Framework For Urban Safety Assessment: A Case Study Of Space, Devices, And Activities In Kakogawa, Japan

Dr. Kenji Tanaka — 2025-11-01

Background: Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) is a globally recognized approach for reducing crime and fear by manipulating the built environment. However, CPTED assessments often focus narrowly on physical design, neglecting the synergistic effects of technological interventions and community engagement. This is particularly relevant in contexts like Japan, where local safety is a product of urban planning, advanced technology, and robust community participation (machizukuri). This study addresses a critical gap by developing and applying a holistic framework to assess CPTED implementation.

Methods: This study introduces and applies a tripartite CPTED assessment framework based on three core components: Space (physical environmental features), Devices (technological security hardware), and Activities (community-based prevention efforts). Using the medium-sized Japanese city of Kakogawa as a case study, we conducted a multi-faceted data collection process. This included systematic environmental audits in diverse urban zones, GIS mapping of surveillance devices from municipal data and field surveys, and a comprehensive analysis of official documents to catalogue community safety activities.

Results: The findings reveal a varied landscape of CPTED implementation. While commercial areas and transport hubs showed high concentrations of security devices, certain residential areas and public parks exhibited significant weaknesses in spatial design, such as poor lighting and limited natural surveillance. Community activities, primarily driven by traditional neighborhood associations, were widespread but geographically uneven. Critically, the integrated analysis showed a disconnect between the three components in several areas, indicating a lack of a coordinated strategy and highlighting zones of potential vulnerability where environmental weaknesses were not compensated for by devices or activities.

Conclusion: The Space, Devices, and Activities framework provides a more comprehensive and nuanced method for evaluating urban safety measures than traditional CPTED audits. For policymakers in Kakogawa and similar cities, our findings underscore the need to move beyond siloed interventions towards an integrated strategy that strategically aligns physical design improvements, technology deployment, and community mobilization to create safer urban environments.

Comparative Legal And Economic Analysis Of Non-Bank Financial Institutions: Conceptual Approaches And Country Practices

Kilichova Munira Azimjon kizi — 2025-11-26

This article presents a comparative legal and economic analysis of non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs), examining the conceptual basis for their definition and the diversity of national regulatory practices. Although financial systems traditionally distinguish between banking and non-banking institutions, there is no universally accepted definition of NBFIs due to historical, institutional, and economic differences across jurisdictions. The study analyzes leading theoretical approaches—including subject-based, activity-based, and combined definitions—developed by international bodies and scholars. Using comparative examples from Malaysia, Ukraine, India, and Bangladesh, the article highlights how NBFIs vary in their legal status, permissible activities, and their role in financial intermediation and economic development. The results demonstrate that NBFIs often emerge to meet specific financial needs unmet by traditional banks, including Islamic finance requirements, sector-specific financing, micro-lending, and venture capital. The article proposes a synthesized definition of NBFIs that reflects their functional diversity and regulatory uniqueness, providing a basis for improving national frameworks governing non-bank financial organizations.

Man, Right, And Government: The Nature Of The State In The Thought Of Jefferson, Madison, And Hamilton

Rahmatova Yulduz Rustamovna — 2025-11-19

This article analyzes the views of the Founding Fathers of the United States — Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton — on human rights. It compares their theoretical concepts and practical efforts, with a focus on their attitudes toward the Bill of Rights and fundamental freedoms such as freedom of the press, religious liberty, and property rights. The article also examines their contributions to the evolution of constitutional law, the structure of government, and modern democratic ideals.

The Role Of Legal Labor Migration In Preventing Crime: A Socio - Legal Analysis

Qo`shayev Farrux Ro`zmat o`g`li — 2025-11-13

This article indicates how legal labor migration mechanisms can influence and contribute to prevention of crimes in both migrant - sending and receiving countries. Using a socio - legal framework, we analyze migration trends, remittance flows, irregular migration statistics, and labor migration policies in Uzbekistan namely and compare them with other post - Soviet states (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Russia, Georgia).

According to above - mentioned, our findings indicate that well - regulated labor migration can act as a “reliable tool” for sending countries to reduce unemployment and poverty (thereby mitigating crime drivers), while also decreasing irregular migration and associated criminal activities such as human trafficking, smuggling and etc.

Comparative insights show similar trends across the region: states with more fixed legal frameworks and regional mobility regimes tend to indicate lower levels of irregular migration, reduced tendency to transnational and (national) criminality, and greater stability in migrant - sending communities.

Foreign Experience In Implementing Parliamentary Oversight Of Government Activities In Foreign Countries

Naurizbaeva Gulayim Sarsenbaevna — 2025-11-06

This article is devoted to an in-depth comparative analysis of oversight mechanisms in two leading democratic models of the world — the United States, which has a presidential system based on the separation of powers, and the United Kingdom, which operates under a parliamentary system characterized by the fusion of powers. Based on the results of this analysis, scientifically grounded recommendations are developed to further improve parliamentary oversight in Uzbekistan.

Making Listening An Authentic Experience In Language Classrooms

M.Shamsitdinova — 2025-11-26

Authentic listening experiences are crucial in developing effective language comprehension skills in the classroom. This article explores strategies for making listening activities more reflective of real-life communication, emphasizing the use of genuine audio materials, contextualized tasks, and interactive listening exercises. It discusses the challenges faced by teachers in implementing authentic listening and offers practical solutions to enhance student engagement and improve their listening proficiency. By integrating meaningful content and diverse auditory inputs, language educators can foster a more immersive and effective learning environment that better prepares learners for real-world communication.

Comparative Analysis Of Global Legal Aid Systems: International Experience, Human Rights Frameworks, And The Evolution Of State-Funded Legal Assistance In Uzbekistan

Mavluda Juraeva — 2025-11-20

This study conducts a comparative legal analysis of global legal aid systems in France, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States, Russia, and Uzbekistan. It explores how institutional independence, early access to legal counselling, and sustainable financing contribute to equal access to justice in line with international standards, including UN Sustainable Development Goal 16 and the UN Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers (1990). The findings indicate that Uzbekistan’s Law No. O‘RQ-848 (2023) and Law No. O‘RQ-915 (2024) represent significant progress toward a rights-based model of legal aid. However, further reforms remain necessary to establish an independent Legal Aid Authority, expand pre-trial advisory services, and enhance participation in pro bono legal assistance.

In The System Of International Law: The Institution Of Citizenship And The Legal Regulation Of Multiple Citizenship

Ismailova Lola Abdullaevna — 2025-11-13

The article analyzes the formation, essence, and interrelation of the institution of citizenship within the system of international law. It examines the distinctions between the concepts of nationality and citizenship, as well as their role in international legal regulation. The legal consequences of multiple citizenship—particularly issues related to diplomatic protection, military service, and taxation—are also discussed. The policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan, based on the principle of single citizenship, is compared with international trends, and the national legal position is substantiated.

Comparative Analysis Of The Norms Establishing Liability For Extortion In The Criminal Legislation Of Some Foreign States

Babaev Abdulaziz Fakhritdinovich — 2025-11-06

The article provides a comparative analysis of the norms establishing responsibility for extortion in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan and similar norms in the criminal legislation of some foreign countries, in particular the Russian Federation, the Kyrgyz Republic, Moldova, Belarus, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Italy, France, Germany and England, attention is drawn to the similarities and differences of the criminal responsibility for extortion in these countries, as a result of the analysis, the positive experience of some countries in criminal legislation was approved, proposals and recommendations have been developed to improve article 165 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, which provides for liability for extortion.