International Journal of Law And Criminology

An Ethical and Juridical Analysis of the Unlawful Treatment of Cadavers in Indonesian Medical Education

Prof. Sofia Hasan — 2025-09-01

Background: The use of human cadavers is an indispensable component of anatomical education for medical students. However, this practice is fraught with complex ethical and legal challenges, particularly concerning the dignity of the deceased and the lawfulness of sourcing and handling cadavers. In Indonesia, the legal framework governing the use of cadavers for educational purposes remains ambiguous, creating a potential conflict between scientific advancement and fundamental human rights.

Objective: This study aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the legal and ethical dimensions surrounding the treatment of cadavers in Indonesian medical education. It specifically investigates the concept of wederrechtelijk (unlawfulness) in relation to the sourcing and use of cadavers, examining the adequacy of existing legal protections and ethical guidelines.

Methods: This research employs a normative legal research methodology. It analyzes primary legal materials, including the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP), Law No. 1 of 2023, the 1945 Constitution, and relevant Supreme Court and District Court decisions. Secondary data includes academic literature, legal philosophy texts, and human rights declarations. The analysis is approached from the perspectives of legal certainty, Kantian moral philosophy, and universal human rights principles.

Results: The findings reveal significant legal voids and inconsistencies in Indonesian regulations regarding cadavers for scientific use. The current Criminal Code lacks specific provisions that adequately protect the dignity of the deceased in an educational context, leading to potential unlawfulness in practice. Philosophical analysis underscores a moral imperative to treat cadavers with respect as ends in themselves, a principle not fully reflected in current medico-legal practices. Furthermore, the handling of cadavers often falls short of the standards implied by universal human rights declarations concerning human dignity.

Conclusion: The treatment of cadavers in Indonesian medical education operates in a state of legal uncertainty that fails to provide adequate protection against unlawful or unethical acts. There is an urgent need for legal reform to establish clear, rights-based regulations for the procurement, use, and final disposition of cadavers, ensuring that scientific pursuits do not infringe upon fundamental principles of human dignity and legal certainty.

The Subjective Aspect Of Crimes Related To Violations Of Labor Protection Rules

Abdurasulova Khadichakhon Ravshanbek kizi — 2025-09-15

The article analyzes the subjective aspect of crimes related to violations of labor protection rules, focusing on the forms of guilt. It argues that such crimes can only be committed through negligence, expressed either as criminal self-assurance (recklessness) or carelessness. Particular attention is given to distinguishing self-assurance from indirect intent, as well as to the practical predominance of reckless behavior in workplace accidents. The paper also identifies the special subjects of liability under Article 257 of the Criminal Code of Uzbekistan, including employers, managers, chief specialists, and labor protection service staff.

The Role of a Lawyer in The Implementation Of Investment And Construction Projects: Legal Coordination And Management Functions

Egor Garanov — 2025-09-12

The article examines the role of a lawyer in investment and construction projects, where his functions go beyond traditional legal protection and acquire strategic importance. The key areas of a lawyer's activity are analyzed, including transaction support, legal audit, contractual regulation, as well as risk minimization and conflict resolution. The author concludes that a lawyer is not only an executor, but also a key participant in management processes, capable of increasing efficiency and ensuring the success of a project.

Live Scan and Digital Identification: Prospects For Implementation In Comprehensive Service Companies

Meri Dilbaryan — 2025-09-12

The article discusses the possibilities of integrating Live technology Scan and digital identification in the activities of integrated service companies (notary, insurance, legal, financial, etc.). The advantages of biometric authentication, reducing fraud risks, accelerating business processes, and increasing customer confidence are analyzed. Key technological and organizational factors for successful implementation are identified. Foreign practical cases are presented.

The Uniqueness of The Sukuk Financial Instrument. Theoretical Analysis of The Similarities and Differences Between Sukuk and Shares

Mamatmurodov Farrux Farxod Ugli — 2025-09-15

Sukuk financing plays an important role in modern Islamic finance. It is fundamentally different from classic bonds and is designed to play into the changes in Sharia. The uniqueness of sukuk is that it is based on real assets or a basis for them and provides investors with a profit-free income. This aspect makes it partly similar to stocks, since stocks also allow the investor to receive a share of the property and profit. At the same time, sukuk holders share not only the income, but also the risk, ensuring a fair balance in basic finance. In theory, sukuk and shares have similar aspects. For example, both are traded on the capital market, provide ownership rights, and provide for the sharing of profits and losses. However, there are significant differences between them. While sukuk is fixed-term and backed by a real asset, shares are perpetual and dependent on the overall performance of the company. Also, sukuk income is based on rental or partnership profits, while shares are based on dividends and company value growth. The most important difference is the Sharia requirement: sukuk must be Sharia-compliant, while shares are not. Thus, sukuk and stocks complement each other as financial instruments. While sukuk provides a safe and stable option for those seeking Sharia-compliant investments, stocks carry more risk but offer greater potential for returns. This analysis compares sukuk and stocks to reveal their theoretical underpinnings and provides important scientific and practical insights for financial market participants.

The Impact of Corruption on Economic Development: Measurement and Policy Implications

Azimov Khairullo Gaybullaevich — 2025-09-14

Corruption continues to be a major impediment to sustainable economic development, particularly in emerging economies. This paper examines the multidimensional nature of corruption, explores existing methods of its measurement, and evaluates its consequences on governance, institutional trust, and foreign investment. Using a comparative approach across selected developing countries, the study analyzes key indicators from Transparency International, the World Bank, and the Global Corruption Barometer. The results show a significant correlation between high levels of perceived corruption and lower economic performance, reduced foreign direct investment, and weakened legal systems. The paper concludes by offering targeted policy recommendations, emphasizing the importance of institutional reforms, digital governance, and civic engagement as tools for mitigating corruption and fostering transparent public administration.

Legal Tech and Digital Legal Services: Benefits and Risks

Alfiya Kazi — 2025-09-12

The article examines the development of LegalTech technologies and digital legal services as one of the key areas of transformation of modern jurisprudence. Based on the analysis of foreign and Russian experience, the main trends are identified, including the introduction of artificial intelligence, automation of contractual work and the development of online legal proceedings. Particular attention is paid to international investment processes and the emergence of innovative legal consulting systems based on machine learning algorithms. In the Russian context, government initiatives within the framework of the national digital transformation program are examined, as well as the problems of insufficient legal regulation and limited distribution of digital solutions in legal practice. The need for an integrated approach to the development of LegalTech is substantiated, including scientific understanding of the ethical and legal consequences of automation, adaptation of legislation and expansion of regulatory mechanisms. It is concluded that digital legal services are becoming the most important tool for increasing the accessibility of justice and the quality of legal assistance, while the success of their implementation depends on the interaction of the state, the professional community and technology developers.

Scientific novelty

The scientific novelty of the study lies in the comprehensive consideration of modern trends in the development of LegalTech technologies and digital legal services with an emphasis on their integration into the Russian legal system. Unlike existing works, mainly devoted to a general overview of the LegalTech market, the article provides a comparative analysis of foreign and Russian models of technology implementation using current data for 2023–2025. The novelty is also manifested in the substantiation of the role of artificial intelligence as a key factor in the transformation of legal practice and in the identification of problematic aspects of legal regulation related to determining the status of digital legal assistants. The work proposes an original approach to determining the prospects of LegalTech in Russia, based on a combination of analysis of international experience, state digital initiatives and features of the national legal system.

Purpose of the study

The purpose of the study is to identify modern trends in the development of LegalTech technologies and digital legal services, analyze international and Russian experience of their application, and determine the prospects and problems of legal regulation in the context of the digital transformation of legal activity.