International Journal of Law And Criminology

A Critical Analysis of Disability Hate Crime Through the Case of Lee Irving

2026-10-01T05:49:24+00:00

Disability hate crime represents a complex intersection of social vulnerability, discriminatory motivation, institutional response, and legal protection. This article develops a critical analytical framework for examining disability-motivated offending through the case of Lee Irving while working strictly within the conceptual boundaries of the supplied literature. Because the provided references primarily address intellectual property, innovation, regulation, legal frameworks, technological development, and institutional policy rather than disability hate crime directly, the study adopts an interdisciplinary and analogical approach. The methodology integrates legal-institutional analysis, comparative conceptual synthesis, and framework construction to examine how regulatory structures can influence the recognition, prevention, and governance of harmful conduct. Particular attention is given to the relationship between legal protection and institutional effectiveness, the limitations of formal regulatory mechanisms, and the importance of policy implementation. The analysis indicates that a meaningful understanding of disability hate crime requires moving beyond the existence of legal rules toward consideration of institutional capacity, social recognition, reporting mechanisms, and implementation structures. The article proposes a multidimensional analytical model linking discriminatory harm, legal recognition, institutional response, and societal prevention. The study concludes that the case-based examination of disability hate crime can benefit from broader regulatory theories concerned with the effectiveness, limitations, and implementation of protective legal frameworks.

Specific Features of Investigating the Crime of Digital Bribery

2026-10-15T05:39:53+00:00

The rapid development of digital technologies and the growing adoption of cryptocurrencies have created new methods of committing corruption-related offences, particularly bribery involving crypto-assets. This article examines the legal, procedural, and forensic challenges associated with proving the receipt of bribes in the form of cryptocurrencies, with particular emphasis on the identification, collection, preservation, examination, and evaluation of digital evidence. The study highlights the specific characteristics of crypto-assets, including decentralisation, pseudonymity, cross-border transferability, transaction irreversibility, and price volatility, which complicate the establishment of the actual ownership of crypto-wallets, the tracing of financial flows, and the determination of the value of a bribe at the time of the offence. Particular attention is paid to the legal regulation of crypto-assets in Uzbekistan and the need to improve investigative and judicial practices concerning bribery involving digital assets. The article also examines relevant foreign experience, including criminal investigations in which blockchain analysis and cryptocurrency exchange records have contributed to establishing the movement of crypto-assets and identifying individuals involved in alleged corruption schemes. The research identifies several key evidentiary challenges, including the use of cryptocurrency mixers and tumblers, the concealment of transaction origins, the encryption or deletion of electronic data, and the absence of unified approaches to documenting cryptocurrency transactions in procedural records. The article substantiates the importance of comprehensive computer-forensic and economic examinations to establish the fact of a cryptocurrency transfer and determine its monetary equivalent. It further analyses the practical value of blockchain analytics, obtaining customer identification and transaction records from cryptocurrency exchanges, forensic examination of computers, smartphones and hardware wallets, and the use of electronic communications and witness testimony in conjunction with blockchain evidence. The study emphasises the importance of conducting urgent investigative actions to preserve digital traces, documenting wallet addresses and complete transaction identifiers, recording transaction amounts and relevant exchange rates, and ensuring the integrity and authenticity of digital evidence. It concludes that improving the investigation of bribery involving crypto-assets requires specialised technical expertise, standardised procedures for documenting and valuing crypto-assets, stronger international cooperation, and the development of appropriate criminal procedure mechanisms. These measures can enhance the reliability of evidence, support the effective investigation of cryptocurrency-related bribery, and strengthen the legal framework for combating corruption in the digital economy.

Factors Preconditioning Victimization in The Crime of Involving Minors in Sexual Intercourse

2026-10-17T11:53:36+00:00

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the objective and subjective factors preconditioning victimization in the crime of involving minors in sexual intercourse. The impact of objective factors such as family dysfunction, social orphanhood, school bullying, and socio-material stratification (relative deprivation) on the adolescent psyche is revealed. The study evaluates adolescents' reckless virtual behavior (oversharing), gender differences, and digital victimhood as subjective catalysts. The author introduces the concept of the “victimological whirlpool” into scientific discourse to explain the synergistic combination of these factors. The necessity of transitioning in the state's criminal law policy from a traditional reactive model to a proactive prevention model aimed at developing “digital and psychological immunity” among the youth is scientifically substantiated.