International Journal Of History And Political Sciences

Colonial Engineering of River Systems and Structural Environmental Injustice: A Socio-Spatial Analysis Model of The St. Lawrence Seaway and Its Effects on Kahnawà: Ke Territory

Dr. Farhad Nouri — 2026-07-01

This study develops a socio-spatial analytical model to examine the colonial engineering of river systems through the case of the St. Lawrence Seaway and its environmental and territorial impacts on the Kahnawà:ke Mohawk community. It argues that large-scale infrastructural waterway projects function not only as technological interventions but also as instruments of colonial governance that restructure Indigenous land relations, ecological systems, and legal-political sovereignty. Drawing on Indigenous critical theory, decolonial frameworks, and socio-legal scholarship, the paper synthesizes literature on land claims, environmental justice, and settler-state policy mechanisms to interrogate how hydrological modification becomes a mechanism of structural dispossession. The analysis situates the Seaway within broader patterns of treaty violation, claims adjudication, and administrative governance under Canadian Indigenous policy regimes, including the Specific Claims Tribunal framework (Specific Claims Tribunal Act, SC 2008, c22). Findings indicate that the St. Lawrence Seaway exemplifies infrastructural colonialism, producing long-term hydrological disruption, socio-economic marginalization, and governance asymmetry. The study contributes a conceptual model linking environmental engineering with legal-institutional processes of Indigenous marginalization, offering implications for environmental governance reform and Indigenous sovereignty restoration.

Science in The Bukhara Khanate During the Shaybanid Dynasty

Sotvoldiev Sayfiddin Abduvohid ugli — 2026-07-17

This article examines the development of science and scholarly culture in the Bukhara Khanate during the Shaybanid dynasty. The study analyzes the institutional, intellectual and cultural conditions that shaped scientific life in sixteenth-century Bukhara. Special attention is given to the role of madrasas, waqf endowments, manuscript culture, Islamic legal studies, historiography, astronomy, mathematics, medicine and the patronage of rulers.

State Youth Policy: The Evolution of Concepts and A Cross-National Analysis of Models

Zarina Lukhmanova — 2026-07-20

State youth policy has evolved from a fragmented set of social support measures into an independent field of public policy aimed at promoting the comprehensive development of young people and strengthening their role in society. This article examines the evolution of theoretical approaches to youth policy and presents a cross-national analysis of its principal models. The study explores the conceptual distinctions between social policy, youth policy, and state youth policy while highlighting their institutional and functional characteristics. Particular attention is paid to the historical development of youth policy, the emergence of new governance approaches, and the transformation of policy priorities in response to political, economic, and social changes. Based on a comparative analysis of international experience, the paper identifies the main models of youth policy and evaluates their strengths and limitations. The findings demonstrate that no universal model of youth policy exists. Instead, each country develops its own approach according to its political system, institutional framework, socio-economic conditions, and historical context.