International Journal Of History And Political Sciences

Digital Challenges and Democratic Governance in India: A Social Science Perspective on Cybersecurity, Misinformation, And Electoral Integrity

2026-03-08T15:31:36+00:00

The rapid digitization of electoral processes and political communication in India has transformed the architecture of democratic participation while simultaneously introducing unprecedented vulnerabilities. This study examines the intersection of electronic voting systems, cybersecurity policy, social media ecosystems, misinformation, and regulatory frameworks in shaping electoral integrity. Drawing upon interdisciplinary scholarship in political science, communication studies, cybersecurity, and law, the research synthesizes theoretical and empirical literature to analyze structural weaknesses in Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs), emerging cyber threats to electoral infrastructure, the proliferation of misinformation through digital platforms, and the adequacy of institutional responses. The study identifies three interrelated domains of vulnerability: technological infrastructure, informational ecosystems, and regulatory capacity. Through qualitative analysis of policy documents, academic literature, and journalistic investigations, the research demonstrates that while India’s electoral system remains administratively robust, it is increasingly exposed to digital manipulation, disinformation campaigns, algorithmic amplification biases, and data protection inadequacies. The findings suggest that electoral integrity in the digital era requires an integrated governance approach combining cybersecurity modernization, platform accountability, legal reform, civic education, and transparent fact-checking mechanisms. The study contributes to ongoing debates about democracy in networked societies by situating India as a critical case of scale, diversity, and technological ambition. Ultimately, the article argues that safeguarding elections in digital democracies demands not only technical solutions but also normative commitments to transparency, privacy, and participatory resilience.

Istanbul Tekkes And Their Historical Development

2026-03-14T08:11:47+00:00

Relations between Central Asia and the Ottoman Empire have centuries-old roots. Tekkes occupied a distinct place in trade, cultural, and socio-economic interactions between the two fraternal peoples. This article provides an overview of the Istanbul tekkes, their history, development, and their contemporary condition.

Significance and Characteristics of Roads and Roadside Structures Built During the Shaybanid Period

2026-03-12T13:01:53+00:00

During the reign of the Shaybanids, the construction of road and roadside structures, such as cisterns, cisterns and caravanserais, was carried out on a large scale. The information on the fact that these structures served as an important part of the life of the state not only technically, but also economically, socially and culturally was analyzed. Road and roadside structures were mainly built to provide water supply for tourists, merchants and caravans along caravan routes. Since these structures were located on international trade routes, their role in strengthening ties between cultures of different peoples, the technological achievements of cisterns in storing and isolating water, as well as their architectural solution, external compositional appearance were studied on the basis of historical sources and scientific literature. The construction history processes of road and roadside structures, architectural solution and the condition of existing cisterns today were also analyzed. In addition, the roads and roadside structures built by the Shaybanids were distinguished by their durability, multifunctionality, and the incorporation of modern architectural styles, which were studied on the basis of scientific literature. It was analyzed that these structures were built primarily to attract trade caravans and tourists, as well as to connect and manage regions by a centralized government. The data on the fact that roadside structures served not only to develop foreign trade, but also to strengthen social ties within the country were analyzed.

The Political and Theological Significance of Gondar in Early Modern Global Christianity, 1636–1769

2026-03-08T15:43:32+00:00

This article examines Gondar during the Classical Gondarine period (1636–1769) as a political-theological center within early modern global Christianity. Drawing on royal chronicles, Jesuit missionary writings especially those of Manuel de Almeida and Pedro Páez and Ethiopian ecclesiastical sources, it analyzes how doctrinal debate and imperial authority were mutually constitutive. Rather than interpreting Jesuit involvement solely as political intrusion or theological conflict, the study argues that the encounter compelled Ethiopian rulers and clerics to redefine the relationship between orthodoxy and sovereignty. Christological controversies, missionary interventions, and synodal deliberations functioned not merely as religious disputes but as instruments of state formation and imperial consolidation. Methodologically, the study employs historical research design based on textual and archival analysis of Ethiopian and European sources. By situating Gondar within both Ethiopian and European historical memory, the article repositions the city as a central arena in which theology, political authority, and global Christian exchange intersected. Gondar thus emerges not as a peripheral site of missionary rupture, but as a formative locus in the negotiation of religious legitimacy and imperial power in early modern Christianity.

On the Resettlement of The Population in The First Years of The Development of Virgin Lands (Using the Example of The Nuratau Oasis)

2026-03-12T13:05:11+00:00

This article discusses the resettlement policy of the Soviet government in the first years of the development of virgin lands. It highlights the problems that arose during the resettlement of the population of the Nurata oasis based on information stored in archival funds.

Regulatory Infrastructure of The Protectorate and Bukhara’s “Procedural Sovereignty” Under Emir Abdulahad Khan: A Comparative Analysis of Russian And English-Language Descriptions (1880s–1910s)

2026-03-10T13:24:05+00:00

The article offers a comparative analysis of Russian and English-language descriptions of the Bukhara Emirate under Emir Abdulahad Khan through the lens of “procedural sovereignty”: a set of rules, regulations, and access practices that made it possible to preserve an external form of autonomy while being embedded in mechanisms of Russian control. Within the Russian-language body of sources, normative-documentary materials and publicistic evidence are used. The English-language corpus is represented by travel narratives and overview publications that record practices of control, access, and “dual” governance. The study shows that Russian sources tend to emphasize the legal and procedural formalization of joint regimes, whereas English-language observers more often describe the same mechanisms as everyday practices of filtering access, controlling movement, and managing images of power. The article concludes that the political profile of Abdulahad Khan in these sources can be captured as that of a ruler of a protectorate whose authority was realized largely not through reforming institutions, but through participation in procedural circuits in which the Russian political agency acted as the key arbiter.