American Journal of Philological Sciences

Bobur Phenomenon: Perfection and Personality Harmony

Sadikova Shirin Baxtiyorovna — Thu, 09 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The phenomenon of Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur occupies an important place in Uzbek and world history and literature. This article discusses the harmony of Babur’s personality and perfection, analyzing his life, creative work, state governance, and spiritual legacy. It shows the balance between Babur’s personal qualities as a ruler, poet, commander, and scholar (courage, justice, patriotism) and his perfection in the fields of science, poetry, and statecraft. The article is written based on literary sources, historical documents, and modern research, emphasizing the relevance of Babur’s legacy today.

Biotechnology Terminology in Contemporary English: A Structural-Semantic and Cognitive Analysis of Term Formation, Conceptual Organization, And Specialized Meaning

Dr. Eleanor V. Markham — Wed, 01 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Biotechnology has developed into one of the most conceptually dense and terminologically productive domains of contemporary scientific discourse. Its vocabulary evolves through ongoing interaction among scientific discovery, technological innovation, educational dissemination, and interdisciplinary borrowing. As a result, biotechnology terminology is not a static inventory of labels but a dynamic linguistic system shaped by morphology, semantics, conceptual hierarchies, metaphor, affixation, compounding, multiword construction, eponymy, and professional worldview. Despite the growth of biotechnology as a scientific field, the linguistic study of biotechnology terminology remains scattered across studies of word formation, terminology theory, discourse analysis, glossary construction, and branch-specific semantic description.

Objective: This article develops an original, publication-ready integrative analysis of biotechnology terminology in English, focusing on structural-semantic organization, mechanisms of term formation, conceptual categorization, and the role of cognitive and discourse-based processes in specialized lexical development.

Methods: A qualitative integrative methodology was applied using only the references provided. The source base included monographs on morphology and word formation, terminology studies, discourse- and concept-based investigations, encyclopedia and glossary resources, and recent studies on biotechnology, genomics, multiword expressions, metaphor, and semantic hierarchy. The analysis synthesized evidence across four major domains: morphological formation of biotechnology terms, semantic and conceptual organization, discourse-based and cognitive aspects of terminology, and lexicographic implications for specialized communication.

Results: The findings indicate that biotechnology terminology in English is structurally heterogeneous but systemically organized. Compounding, affixation, conversion, adjectival specialization, multi-component formation, and eponymic naming are central mechanisms in term creation. Semantically, biotechnology terms form conceptual networks structured by hypernym-hyponym relations, category systems, metaphorical projection, and contextual professional knowledge. Emerging terminology reflects both linguistic economy and conceptual precision, while glossary and encyclopedic sources reveal the pedagogical pressure toward standardization. The analysis also shows that biotechnology terminology increasingly exhibits traits associated with digital, clinical, and interdisciplinary language, including complex nominal sequences and semi-fixed multiword units.

Conclusion: Biotechnology terminology should be understood as a cognitively grounded and morphologically productive specialized language system. Its study requires integration of linguistic morphology, terminology science, cognitive semantics, discourse analysis, and lexicographic practice. Future research should move toward multilingual comparison, corpus-based tracking of terminological change, and more refined models of conceptual accessibility across expert and non-expert communities.

Intercultural Communication Challenges in Translating Uzbek Folk Anecdotes

Atadjanova Mashhura Bakhtiyarovna — Thu, 09 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article discusses the development of Uzbek folk latifa (humorous anecdotes) and their role in translation studies of world literature, as well as their leading examples. Explanations of the terms latifa and anekdot are provided, and the views of eminent scholars are cited. In addition, the article analyzes cross-cultural communication problems that arise in translating Uzbek folk latifa into other languages. Based on examples from Otaboy Jumaniyozov's work "Sündensack," linguistic and cultural features, national mentality, and the expression of humor and irony in translation are examined on a scholarly basis.

A Comparative Study of Morphological Adaptation of English Loanwords in Korean And Karakalpak

Bakhbergenova Akerke Shoxan qizi — Thu, 09 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study explores the morphological adaptation of English loanwords in Korean and Karakalpak from a comparative perspective. In the context of globalization, English has become a major source of lexical borrowing, influencing both languages in different ways. The research is based on data from media, corpora, and dictionaries, comprising approximately 150–200 loanwords. The findings show that both languages employ affixation and hybrid formation to integrate English roots into their morphological systems. However, Korean demonstrates higher productivity and direct borrowing, while Karakalpak shows moderate adaptation often influenced by Russian. The study highlights the role of linguistic structure, cultural factors, and globalization in shaping morphological adaptation processes.

Lexical and Grammatical Transformation Features in The Translation of Media Texts from Uzbek Into English (Based on The Example of Electronic Newspapers of Uzbekistan)

Ismoilova Gulshoda Turaboy qizi — Thu, 09 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the lexical and grammatical transformation strategies employed in the translation of media texts from Uzbek into English, with empirical reference to electronic newspapers of Uzbekistan, namely Kun.uz, Gazeta.uz, and UzDaily. The study is grounded in the theoretical frameworks of V.N. Komissarov, L.K. Latishev, and T.R. Levitskaya, and analyses a parallel corpus of 120 text segments covering political, economic, and social news discourse. The findings reveal that transcription and transliteration, lexical addition, calque, motivated omission, modulation, grammatical substitution, and syntactic restructuring constitute the core transformation repertoire in Uzbek-English media translation. The typological distance between the agglutinative SOV structure of Uzbek and the analytic SVO structure of English necessitates systematic grammatical restructuring, while cultural and institutional specificity of Uzbek journalistic texts drives frequent explicitation for international audiences. The article concludes that mastery of transformation strategies is indispensable for achieving communicative equivalence in cross-linguistic media communication.

The Classification of Jargon Units: Theoretical Approaches and Criteria

Zamira Khakimova — Wed, 08 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines the classification of jargon units as a multidimensional problem in contemporary linguistic research. It is argued that jargon represents a socially marked and functionally specialized layer of non-standard vocabulary whose linguistic status can only be adequately established through a multi-criteria approach. The study systematizes the principal theoretical approaches to jargon classification and identifies six basic criteria for its analysis: sphere of use, function, language source, method of formation, degree of circulation and structure. On the basis of the sphere-of use criterion, jargon units are differentiated into professional and social types, while remaining criteria allow for a more precise description of their internal heterogeneity. The analysis demonstrates that jargon is characterized by the interaction of semantic, functional, sociolinguistic, derivational and structural features, which precludes its reduction to a single classificatory principle. The study concludes that a multi-criteria model provides a more consistent and theoretically substantiated framework for the classification of jargon units and offers broader prospects for their further investigation in sociolinguistics, linguoculturology and lexicography.

Linguistic-Poetic Features of Kinship Terms and Their Artistic Interpretation in The Works of O'tkir Hoshimov

Akhtamova Nigora Bakhtiyorovna — Thu, 09 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the linguistic-poetic characteristics of kinship terminology and their artistic realization in the prose works of prominent Uzbek writer O'tkir Hoshimov, with particular focus on the novel "Ikki eshik orasi" (Between Two Doors). The findings reveal that Hoshimov's prose uses kinship terms to operate on three distinct levels which include denotative meaning and connotative meaning and pragmatic meaning, which function as social relationship markers and emotional connection indicators and cultural identity signs and narrative focalization tools.

Semantics of Anthroponyms As A Reflection of Folk Perceptions of a Character in Russian Fairy Tales

Jalilova Aziza Abdugani qizi — Thu, 09 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the semantics of anthroponyms in Russian fairy tales as a linguistic means of reflecting folk perceptions of a character. In folklore, personal names function not only as markers of identification but also as carriers of evaluative, symbolic, and culturally significant meanings. The aim of the study is to determine how anthroponyms in Russian fairy tales verbalize traditional notions of character, moral qualities, emotional state, and social role. The material of the study is drawn from Russian folk tales published in the collections of A. N. Afanasyev. The methodological framework combines semantic, contextual, descriptive, and linguocultural analysis. The findings show that anthroponyms in Russian fairy tales frequently display semantic transparency and are directly involved in the creation of a character image. Such names often convey emotional condition, ethical evaluation, typified social role, or symbolic meaning, thereby becoming an important component of fairy-tale poetics. The study concludes that anthroponyms in Russian fairy tales serve as a verbal form through which folk culture encodes its views on personality and human qualities.

The Personality of Mirzo Khayrullo Ho'qandi In the View of Scientists and Creators

Umarjon Melikuziyev — Thu, 09 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article is aimed at explaining the information provided by researchers who studied the life and work of Mirzo Khairulla Khokandi. The Mirzo's enlightenment activities and literary heritage are discussed. The goals and objectives of our future research on Mirzo Khokandi are outlined.

Typological Classification of Dictionaries and Their Functional Significance

Khusaynova Munisakhon Yakhshibekovna — Thu, 09 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article explores the typological classification of dictionaries and their functional significance in language studies. Dictionaries can be categorized into monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual types depending on the number of languages they include. Monolingual dictionaries, such as Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English and Explanatory Dictionary of the Uzbek Language, provide definitions and examples within a single language and are crucial for understanding its internal structure. Bilingual and multilingual dictionaries serve as translation tools, facilitating communication and semantic equivalence across languages. The work of V. K. Muller, particularly his Russian-English Dictionary, is highlighted as a foundational contribution to translation lexicography. This article analyzes the linguistic features, classification, and practical significance of various types of dictionaries in contemporary linguistics.