American Journal of Philological Sciences

A Glimpse Into The Comparative Study Of Fitrat’s Creative Works

Sa'dullayeva Dilnoza Nortoji qizi — Wed, 10 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study explores the interpretation of Abdurauf Fitrat’s creative legacy through the scholarly perspectives of Japanese orientalist Hisao Komatsu and Uzbek literary critic Begali Qosimov. Fitrat, as one of the leading representatives of the Jadid movement, played a crucial role in shaping the intellectual and cultural awakening of early twentieth-century Turkestan. The purpose of this research is to analyze how these two prominent scholars-belonging to different cultural and academic traditions-approached Fitrat’s works, ideas, and historical significance. The study employs comparative and analytical methods, examining Komatsu’s monographs, articles, and philological research alongside Qosimov’s conceptual studies and literary-historical interpretations. Through textual and contextual analysis, the research identifies how Komatsu’s cultural approach introduced Fitrat to the global community of Turkologists, while Qosimov’s studies deepened the national understanding of Fitrat’s intellectual and artistic evolution. The findings demonstrate that both scholars, despite differing methodologies, share a unified vision of Fitrat as a reformist thinker and a key figure of enlightenment in Central Asia. The paper concludes that their combined contributions have significantly enriched the field of Fitrat studies and continue to serve as an essential bridge between Uzbek and international literary scholarship.

Semantic Features Of The Expression "Compliment" In Speech Acts Related To Historical Context

Rajabov Elshod Erkinovich — Sat, 13 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article provides a scientific and theoretical analysis of the semantic features of the expression "compliment" in speech acts related to historical context. Speech acts are elements of the content structure. Based on the purpose of the speech, the paradigmatic series of types such as statement, question, order, and so on are considered, and based on the requirements of the context, a number of content structures such as request, gratitude, threat, intimidation, respect are considered.

Artistic And Conceptual Interpretation Of Genre Poetics In "Saodat Asri Qissalari "

Jorayeva Malohat Odiljon qizi — Mon, 08 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This scientific work analyzes the work of the Turkish writer Ahmed Lutfi Kazanci “Tales of the Age of Prosperity” from the perspective of genre poetics. The work scientifically studies the artistic possibilities of religious-biographical prose, the modern interpretation of the narrative structure, the image-creation system, and the specific aspects of the compositional approach. “Tales of the Age of Prosperity” is studied not only as a religious-didactic informative text, but also as a vivid example of genre synthesis in Turkish and Muslim literature. The article extensively covers comparative analysis, poetic structure, the connection between religious sources and artistic interpretation, the historical foundations of the work, and its artistic reconstruction. As a result of the research, it is scientifically substantiated that this work by Ahmed Lutfi Kazanci is a unique example of the religious-biographical story genre, and that its artistic and didactic layers form a coherent poetic system.

Semantic, Cognitive, And Linguocultural Aspects Of The “Child” Concept In Uzbek And English

Ruzieva Khayotkhon Bakhodir qizi — Thu, 11 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article analyzes the concept of “child” from semantic, cognitive, and linguocultural perspectives. It explores the conceptual structure, cultural-symbolic meanings, and comparative differences between Uzbek and English. Special attention is given to cultural values, metaphorical mappings, and mental representations associated with the concept.

The Role Of Extra-Curricular Classes Designed For Students In Enhancing Their Sociolinguistic Abilities

Razova Aqsingul Muxitdinovna — Sun, 14 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article looks at how student-focused extracurricular class activities affect students' sociolinguistic growth. It examines the theoretical underpinnings of sociolinguistic competency and the features of planning extracurricular activities while keeping students' needs and interests in mind. According to the study, club activities built around a personality-oriented approach help students enhance their communication skills, broaden their sociolinguistic repertoire, and improve their capacity to modify their speech patterns in various social situations. The development of metalinguistic reflection, intercultural communicative skills, and the mechanisms of sociolinguistic variability production are given special focus. The results of the study reveal a favorable link between membership in student-oriented groups and the degree of sociolinguistic skills of pupils.

Pedagogical And Psychological Foundations Of Non-Violent Management Of Children’s Screen And Media Dependence In The Digital Era

Irsaliyeva Gulrux Saparboyevna — Wed, 10 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Modern children grow up in the conditions of rapid digitalization, which leads to an increase in the amount of time spent in front of screens. At the same time, the risks of developing screen and media dependence are intensifying, affecting the child’s emotional, cognitive, and social development. The article examines the pedagogical and psychological foundations of non-violent regulation of children’s digital activity, based on dialogue, cooperation, and emotional support. The work analyzes research by Uzbek, Russian, and international scholars, as well as recommendations of international organizations aimed at creating a healthy digital environment. Special attention is given to the role of families and educators in preventing dependence, fostering self-regulation, and promoting conscious gadget use. The results confirm that gentle methods of regulating screen time contribute to the formation of a sustainable digital culture and support the harmonious development of the child.

The Ways And Methods Of Translating Similes In Alisher Navoi’s Epic “Farhod Va Shirin”

Fazildinova Sevaraxon Nematovna — Fri, 12 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Alisher Navoi’s Farhod and Shirin, one of the five epics in his celebrated Khamsa, is distinguished by its rich use of similes that convey emotional depth, cultural imagery, and aesthetic beauty. Translating these similes into other languages presents significant challenges, as literal renderings often fail to capture the cultural resonance and poetic effect intended by the author. This study examines the ways and methods of translating similes in Farhod and Shirin, focusing on strategies such as literal translation, cultural adaptation, explicitation, and poetic recreation. Through comparative analysis of selected similes and their translations, the article highlights the tension between semantic accuracy and aesthetic preservation. The findings suggest that effective translation of Navoi’s similes requires a balance between linguistic fidelity and creative adaptation, ensuring that the imagery remains accessible to international readers while retaining its poetic charm.

Cognitive Benefits Of Gamified Learning: Unveiling The Learning Mindset

Djumambetova Dilfuza — Thu, 11 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Gamification in education has become a transformative approach that integrates game-based mechanics into learning environments to improve student engagement, motivation, and cognitive development. This article explores the cognitive benefits of gamified learning, such as enhanced attention, memory retention, problem-solving, and metacognitive awareness. Drawing from both classical theories and recent empirical studies, the paper unveils how gamification nurtures a growth-oriented learning mindset. It concludes by highlighting practical implications and proposing directions for future research to optimize cognitive gains in gamified educational contexts.

Cultural Connotations And Their Impact On Translation

Ilkhamov Bokhodir Bakhtiyorovich — Sat, 13 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article explores the role of cultural connotations in the translation process. Cultural connotations express the deep meanings and emotional layers of linguistic units, and considering them in translation is crucial for preserving the text's meaning, style, and rhetorical impact. The study demonstrates that in translation, properly adapting cultural connotations, finding equivalents, or providing explanations ensures that the text becomes comprehensible and impactful for the target audience.

The Role Of The Symbol Of The Trinity In The Works Of Chingiz Aitmatov

Siddiq Khodjayev — Tue, 09 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article explores the multifaceted interpretations of the symbol of the trinity in the novels and short stories of Chingiz Aitmatov, one of the most influential figures in twentieth-century Turkic and world literature. The study examines how the trinity motif—embodied in such forms as three generations, the unconventional love trio, and the spiritual “threefold principle” rooted in the cult of ancestors—functions as a key artistic, aesthetic, and philosophical category in Aitmatov’s works. Through close textual analysis, the article reveals the ways in which the trinity not only structures the narrative and deepens character psychology but also reflects broader socio-cultural, moral, and metaphysical concerns. The unity of form and content in the writer’s artistic system demonstrates how the trinity becomes a universal symbol that bridges myth and modernity, individual destiny and collective memory, and human experience with existential reflection.

The Sociolinguocultural And Linguocognitive Interpretation Of The Concept Of Family Values

Nuritdinova Sh.Kh. — Fri, 12 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article analyzes the concept of family values from sociolinguocultural and linguocognitive perspectives. The study explores how family values manifest through the interrelation of language, culture, and society. From a sociolinguistic perspective, the research examines the social functions of the family institution and their reflection in linguistic units. The linguocultural analysis identifies the lexical-semantic and cultural features of family values in Uzbek, German, English, and Russian languages. The linguocognitive approach reveals the cognitive models and metaphorical expressions of such concepts as family, respect, and love. The findings demonstrate that the concept of family values is multilayered and closely interconnected with both culture and cognition.

Specialized Vocabulary In Scientific And Technical Texts: Functional Classes And Their Linguistic Characteristics

Norova Mavluda Fayzulloyevna — Thu, 11 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article explores the functional and semantic classification of specialized vocabulary in English- and German-language scientific and technical texts. Special attention is given to industry-specific terminology and its relationship with other classes of specialized lexical units, including nomenclature names, pragmonyms, professionalisms, and terminoids. The study analyses their defining features, degree of standardization, semantic precision, and communicative functions. The findings show that the distribution of these lexical categories is largely similar across English and German scientific and technical genres. Terminology constitutes the dominant class, while popular science texts exhibit a higher proportion of nomenclature units and pragmonyms. The observable similarities across languages indicate ongoing internationalization of scientific communication, which contributes to more effective intercultural professional exchange. The results may be used in linguistic research, terminology studies, as well as in developing scientific and educational materials in English and German.

Research Of Phraseological Units At Language Levels

Abdullaeva Dilorom Akhmedovna — Sat, 13 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This research explores phraseological units across different language levels, focusing on their structural, semantic, and functional features. The study examines how idioms, collocations, set expressions, and other fixed combinations operate within phonological, lexical, grammatical, and pragmatic levels of language. Special attention is given to the cultural and contextual factors that shape the formation and usage of phraseological units. By analyzing various examples from modern English, the research highlights their role in enriching language expressiveness and improving communicative competence. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the nature of phraseological units and their significance in linguistic studies.

Linguocultural Foundations And Historical Stratification Of Uzbek Anthroponymy

Yashnarbekova Shaxzoda — Mon, 08 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the historical, linguocultural, and semantic dimensions of the Uzbek anthroponymic system. It examines the multilayered structure of personal names shaped by ancient Turkic, Persian–Tajik, and Arabic traditions, emphasizing the influence of sociocultural factors, religious values, and intercultural interaction on name formation. Utilizing linguocultural, comparative-historical, semantic, and sociolinguistic methodologies, the research reveals that anthroponyms function as symbolic units that preserve cultural memory, national mentality, social values, and historical identity.

Women As The Pride Of The Nation In Modern Uzbek Literature. (In The Works Of Saida Zununova, Halima Khudoyberdiyeva, Zulfiya Muminova)

Eshquvatova Hilola Ruzi kizi — Fri, 12 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article analyzes the artistic interpretation of the image of a woman in modern Uzbek literature using the example of the work of Saida Zununova, Halima Khudoyberdiyeva and Zulfiya Muminova. In the works of the poets, the spiritual purity, patriotic spirit, patience and perseverance of a woman and her active role in society are revealed through vivid artistic means. The study reflects the interpretation of a woman as the pride of the nation, her role in the promotion of spiritual and moral values, and the expression of national identity through the image of a woman. The article highlights the common and specific aspects of the poetics of all three poets based on a comparative approach, and deeply analyzes the image of the Uzbek woman in modern literature.

Analysis Of Rhetorical Devices In Chinese Advertising Slogans: A Study Of The Effects Of Metaphor, Parallelism, And Exaggeration

Abdujabborova Khilola A’zamjon qizi — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This paper explores the rhetorical devices employed in contemporary Chinese advertising slogans, focusing specifically on metaphor, parallelism, and hyperbole. As advertising increasingly combines linguistic creativity with commercial persuasion, these rhetorical techniques play a central role in shaping consumer perception and emotional response. Through selected examples from well-known Chinese brands—including Huawei, Mengniu, Haier, and Nongfu Spring—the study analyzes how metaphor transforms abstract product qualities into vivid imagery; how parallelism enhances rhythm, clarity, and memorability; and how hyperbole strengthens emotional impact by magnifying product attributes. The research demonstrates that these rhetorical strategies reflect both modern marketing logic and traditional Chinese aesthetic preferences. By examining their linguistic functions and persuasive effects, the paper contributes to a deeper understanding of stylistic features in Chinese advertising, offering insights relevant to discourse analysis, cross-cultural communication, and digital marketing studies.

Scientific-Theoretical Foundations Of Uzbek Toponymics

Ergasheva Nodira Abdurayimovna — Sat, 13 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article discusses the scientific research of several scholars on the principles of the formation of toponymy as an independent discipline in world linguistics, Russian linguistics, Central Asian and Uzbek linguistics. The scientific-theoretical foundations of the development of world toponymy are studied through the analysis of the concepts, scientific approaches and methodological principles formed in this field.

Ibrohim Hakkulov's The Literary-Aesthetic Views Of (Through The Example Of Osmon Azim’s Works)

Feruza Sultonqulova, Nasiba Khojanova — Mon, 08 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article provides a comparative analysis of the literary and aesthetic views of the famous Uzbek mystic Ibrohim Hakkulov, his attitude to the work of the representative of modern poetry, poet Usman Azim.

On The Image Of A Historical-Creative Person (On The Example Of Poems About Alisher Navoi)

M.E. Yusupova — Sat, 13 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the poetic interpretation of the image of Alisher Navoi as a historical and creative personality in modern Uzbek poetry. The study focuses on the representation of Navoi not only as a historical figure, but also as a symbolic and aesthetic ideal that embodies spiritual maturity, intellectual depth, moral integrity, and creative continuity. Through the analysis of lyrical works by prominent Uzbek poets, including Erkin Vohidov and Abdulla Oripov, the article reveals how Navoi’s image functions as a source of inspiration, moral guidance, and artistic reference for successive generations. Special attention is paid to the artistic means and poetic devices used to reconstruct Navoi’s image beyond temporal boundaries, enabling poets to establish a dialogue between the past and the present. The study demonstrates that Navoi’s image in poetry transcends mere historical depiction and acquires a universal humanistic significance, serving as a model of ethical values, national identity, and cultural memory. The research argues that the lyrical interpretation of Navoi as a historical-creative figure plays a crucial role in shaping readers’ aesthetic perception, fostering a sense of pride in national heritage, and reinforcing the continuity of literary tradition. By analyzing poetic imagery, metaphorical structures, and symbolic motifs, the article highlights the enduring relevance of Alisher Navoi’s legacy in the spiritual and artistic consciousness of contemporary Uzbek literature.

Analysis Of Uzbek Translation Of The Novel "Cold Drop" By T.Kaipbergenov

Xabibullayeva Xurliman Muratbayevna — Sun, 14 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Kaipbergenov's novella "Cold Drop" stands out in modern literature as a work of art that deeply reveals the complex experiences of the human soul, as well as problems related to the social and spiritual context. This article analyzes in detail the similarities and peculiarities between the Uzbek translation of the story and the original text. The research results show that while the plot, inner experiences of the characters, and dramatic situations are preserved in content, the translation is enriched with a unique color and tone in terms of language, metaphor, phraseology, and cultural context. At the same time, translation serves as an effective means of conveying to the reader the spiritual, philosophical, and aesthetic ideas of the work, and also creates an opportunity to strengthen cultural ties between the two peoples and demonstrate the similarity of artistic thinking.

The Reflection Of The Traditions Of World Literature In Chulpon’s Poetry

Djalilova Khurshida Mirholikovna, Saidova Dildora Farkhod kizi — Wed, 10 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article studies and analyzes the direct and indirect influence of Western literature on the work of Abdulhamid Chulpon. This article explores the Western elements in Chulpon’s poetic corpus, focusing on his engagement with Romanticism, symbolism, and individualism—movements and concepts that emerged primarily in Europe but found resonant expression in his verse. In particular, the mutual influence and similarities of the work of the Russian poet Alexander Blok on Chulpon's poetry are analyzed. Through intertextual comparison and historical contextualization, the paper argues that Chulpon’s adoption of Western literary forms was not mere imitation but a creative adaptation that sought to articulate the aspirations and anxieties of a nation in transition.

An Analytical Approach To English Literature For Exploring Cultural Diversity

Dilshoda Mubarakova Abduraxmatovna — Sat, 13 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the analysis of English literary works as a means of understanding cultural diversity and exploring the growing intensity and variety of intercultural communication in the modern world. The possibilities, nature, and effectiveness of intercultural interactions depend on several factors, among which auto- and hetero-stereotypes held by representatives of different cultures play a particularly significant role. The concept of intercultural communication itself is grounded in the principle of equitable cultural interaction among members of diverse linguistic and cultural communities, while acknowledging their distinctiveness. This, in turn, necessitates the comparison and identification of both foreign and native cultures. In addressing this issue, selected works of English fiction were included as the basis for research and content analysis.

Topics Of Media Texts: Functions, Importance And Types (Based On Newspaper Materials)

Orazimbetova Z.K., Yusupova Kh.R. — Thu, 11 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This scholarly article is dedicated to the comprehensive investigation of the topics (themes) of media texts (based on the example of newspaper materials), and the determination of their functions, significance, and types.

Euphemism As A Linguocultural And Communicative Phenomenon: An Expanded Scholarly Analysis

Akramova Diyora Khaytboy kizi — Sun, 14 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines euphemism as a complex linguistic, cultural, and pragmatic phenomenon shaped by social norms, taboo systems, and communicative strategies. Drawing on Uzbek linguocultural practices and cross-linguistic evidence from English and Russian, the study analyzes the motivations, semantic mechanisms, and functional domains of euphemisms. The research demonstrates that euphemisms serve not only as polite alternatives for socially sensitive terms but also as important markers of cultural identity, collective mentality, and institutional ideology. The findings highlight the dual nature of euphemisms as both a means of harmonious interpersonal communication and a tool of discourse manipulation within bureaucratic and organizational contexts.

Linguocultural Foundations And Historical Stratification Of Uzbek Anthroponymy

Yashnarbekova Shaxzoda — Tue, 09 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The Linguistic Worldview And Its Transformation In The Process Of Translation: A Comparative Analysis Of The Russian And Uzbek Languages

Kodirova Fazilat Yusuf kizi — Fri, 12 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines the specific features of how the linguistic worldview is reflected in the Russian and Uzbek languages, as well as the ways in which it undergoes transformation in the process of translation. A comparative analysis shows that differences in national and cultural values, worldview, and the grammatical–lexical systems of the languages have a direct impact on the choice of translation strategies. Particular attention is given to substantive phrases, which are among the units most sensitive to shifts in semantic emphasis when transitioning from one language to another.

The Concept Of “Competence” In The System Of Notions Of Anthropocentric Paradigm In Linguistics

Kuldashev Akram Makhmudovich, Kuldasheva Shakhnoza Akramovna — Thu, 11 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article deals with the problems of determining the role of the notion “competence” which appeared in linguistics and it was later used in Psycholinguistics, Teaching Technologies, etc. A special attention is paid to the fact that being once a term used in linguistics it has become one of the essential notions in the Document named as “Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR)”.

Linguistocultural Features Of Phraseological Units On The Example Of Uzbekistan And Russian Languages

Khamraeva Mavlyuda Djuraevna — Sat, 13 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the linguocultural features of phraseological units in the Uzbek and Russian languages, focusing on how cultural values, national worldview, and historical experience shape idiomatic expressions. By applying comparative linguocultural analysis, the study identifies similarities and differences in imagery, metaphorical structures, and cultural symbolism. The research demonstrates that phraseological units in both languages serve not only as linguistic tools but also as carriers of collective memory, moral norms, and socio-cultural traditions. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how linguistic and cultural elements interact within the phraseological systems of Uzbek and Russian, enriching intercultural communication and translation studies.

The Linguistic Significance Of Anthroponyms And Secondary Personal Names In Political Discourse

Sodiqova Sabohat Ilhom qizi — Mon, 08 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In political discourse, naming practices serve not only to identify individuals but also to frame them within specific ideological or evaluative perspectives. Through primary and secondary naming, political actors construct public images and influence audience perceptions. Therefore, examining these linguistic tools is essential for understanding the dynamics of political communication. This article presents a linguistic analysis of anthroponyms in political discourse and examines the semantic and pragmatic functions of secondary names such as nicknames, pseudonyms, epithets, and other related forms. The study is grounded in existing scholarly literature and supported by examples from authentic political texts. The primary aim of the article is to reveal the functions of anthroponyms and secondary naming practices in political communication, to demonstrate their semantic and pragmatic power, and to highlight the potential of studying these units within the frameworks of linguistics, onomastics, and political communication.

The Reflection Of Gender Stereotypes In Stable Compounds

Eshquvatova Hilola Ruzi kizi — Fri, 12 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article explores the expression of gender stereotypes in Uzbek folk proverbs and their significance. It analyzes the essence of the topic, its relevance, the study of gender stereotypes, and their reflection in proverbs. Additionally, it provides a general overview of contextual and lexical analyses of gender stereotypes. The linguistic resolution of gender stereotypes also plays an important role in addressing gender-related issues.

Fishing In Troubled Waters: A Cross-Cultural And Historical Study Of A Persistent Proverb

Marina Aleksandrovna Balyasnikova — Thu, 11 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines the historical development, cultural diffusion, and semantic evolution of the proverb “It is good fishing in troubled waters.” Drawing on evidence from ancient Greek texts, medieval Latin collections, and numerous European vernacular traditions, the analysis demonstrates that the proverb consistently encodes themes of opportunism, social disorder, and political manipulation. Although some versions clearly result from literary borrowing, others suggest partial independent emergence shaped by local cultural contexts. The proverb’s longevity reflects its grounding in practical fishing knowledge combined with highly adaptable metaphorical potential. Its recurrence in political commentary, moral discourse, and everyday communication highlights a dynamic interplay between literal experience and figurative interpretation. Overall, the proverb serves as a productive lens for understanding broader processes of paremiological transmission and cross-cultural meaning-making.

Analysis Of Wise Sayings In The Form Of Compound Sentences

Samiyeva Nilufar Bakhtiyorjon kizi — Sat, 13 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article analyzes wise sayings in the form of compound sentences, which is one of the most pressing issues in contemporary linguistics. It examines the structural and semantic features of wise sayings based on the conclusions of world linguists, as well as analyzes the relationships of disjunction, comparison, cause-and-effect, time, and explanation used in wise sayings in the form of compound sentences from a pragmatic perspective.

Linguistic Analysis Of Shortened Lexical Forms And Abbreviations

Fattoyeva Zarina Rakhmatovna — Mon, 08 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Linguistics is an independent science that studies the language of mankind, studies the emergence and development of language, language and thought, the relationship between language and society, the role of language in society, its internal structure - the classification of language, the methods of its analysis and the like. In this article, the abbreviations that are considered to be the part of linguistics, the concepts of abbreviation, the rules of their legalization, as well as the aspects of difference and similarity, are discussed.

The Impact Of Translation And Multilingual Services On International Tourism

Kuanishbaeva Aziza Maratbay qizi — Fri, 12 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Translation and multilingual services are vital components of modern international tourism. As global travel increases, language barriers remain a significant obstacle affecting travelers’ experiences, safety, and satisfaction. This paper explores how effective translation and multilingual communication can enhance the accessibility, inclusivity, and appeal of tourist destinations. It examines the influence of language services on visitor engagement, destination marketing, crisis communication, and intercultural understanding. Drawing on examples from multilingual regions and tourism policies, the paper highlights the economic and social benefits of investing in language support and the risks of its absence. The study concludes that multilingual services are not merely supplementary tools but core strategies in sustainable and competitive tourism development.