American Journal of Philological Sciences

Bobur Phenomenon: Perfection and Personality Harmony

Sadikova Shirin Baxtiyorovna — 2026-04-09

The phenomenon of Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur occupies an important place in Uzbek and world history and literature. This article discusses the harmony of Babur’s personality and perfection, analyzing his life, creative work, state governance, and spiritual legacy. It shows the balance between Babur’s personal qualities as a ruler, poet, commander, and scholar (courage, justice, patriotism) and his perfection in the fields of science, poetry, and statecraft. The article is written based on literary sources, historical documents, and modern research, emphasizing the relevance of Babur’s legacy today.

Linguacultural Analysis of Lexical Units of Wedding Traditions and Funeral Rites in English And Karakalpak Languages

Orinbaeva Inabat — 2026-04-13

This article presents a linguacultural analysis of lexical units related to wedding traditions and funeral rites in English and Karakalpak languages. In particular, it explores how ritual vocabulary reflects cultural values, social relations, and collective worldview. On the one hand, English lexical units demonstrate a tendency toward standardization, institutionalization, and relative semantic neutrality. On the other hand, Karakalpak ritual vocabulary preserves strong connections with folklore, kinship systems, and emotional expression. Furthermore, the study shows that such lexical units’ function not only as nominative elements but also as carriers of symbolic meaning and cultural identity. Therefore, the findings confirm that ritual lexicon is both universal in function and culture-specific in meaning.

Biotechnology Terminology in Contemporary English: A Structural-Semantic and Cognitive Analysis of Term Formation, Conceptual Organization, And Specialized Meaning

Dr. Eleanor V. Markham — 2026-04-01

Background: Biotechnology has developed into one of the most conceptually dense and terminologically productive domains of contemporary scientific discourse. Its vocabulary evolves through ongoing interaction among scientific discovery, technological innovation, educational dissemination, and interdisciplinary borrowing. As a result, biotechnology terminology is not a static inventory of labels but a dynamic linguistic system shaped by morphology, semantics, conceptual hierarchies, metaphor, affixation, compounding, multiword construction, eponymy, and professional worldview. Despite the growth of biotechnology as a scientific field, the linguistic study of biotechnology terminology remains scattered across studies of word formation, terminology theory, discourse analysis, glossary construction, and branch-specific semantic description.

Objective: This article develops an original, publication-ready integrative analysis of biotechnology terminology in English, focusing on structural-semantic organization, mechanisms of term formation, conceptual categorization, and the role of cognitive and discourse-based processes in specialized lexical development.

Methods: A qualitative integrative methodology was applied using only the references provided. The source base included monographs on morphology and word formation, terminology studies, discourse- and concept-based investigations, encyclopedia and glossary resources, and recent studies on biotechnology, genomics, multiword expressions, metaphor, and semantic hierarchy. The analysis synthesized evidence across four major domains: morphological formation of biotechnology terms, semantic and conceptual organization, discourse-based and cognitive aspects of terminology, and lexicographic implications for specialized communication.

Results: The findings indicate that biotechnology terminology in English is structurally heterogeneous but systemically organized. Compounding, affixation, conversion, adjectival specialization, multi-component formation, and eponymic naming are central mechanisms in term creation. Semantically, biotechnology terms form conceptual networks structured by hypernym-hyponym relations, category systems, metaphorical projection, and contextual professional knowledge. Emerging terminology reflects both linguistic economy and conceptual precision, while glossary and encyclopedic sources reveal the pedagogical pressure toward standardization. The analysis also shows that biotechnology terminology increasingly exhibits traits associated with digital, clinical, and interdisciplinary language, including complex nominal sequences and semi-fixed multiword units.

Conclusion: Biotechnology terminology should be understood as a cognitively grounded and morphologically productive specialized language system. Its study requires integration of linguistic morphology, terminology science, cognitive semantics, discourse analysis, and lexicographic practice. Future research should move toward multilingual comparison, corpus-based tracking of terminological change, and more refined models of conceptual accessibility across expert and non-expert communities.

Stylistic Features of Dialectisms In Turkish Folk Songs

Muminova Nilufar Toshpulat qizi — 2026-04-11

This article examines the stylistic features of dialectisms found in the language of Turkish folk songs. It demonstrates that dialectisms, as an integral component of the national language, perform important functional roles in literary texts. Based on examples from Turkish folk songs, phonetic, grammatical, and lexical dialectisms are analyzed in detail.

Intercultural Communication Challenges in Translating Uzbek Folk Anecdotes

Atadjanova Mashhura Bakhtiyarovna — 2026-04-09

This article discusses the development of Uzbek folk latifa (humorous anecdotes) and their role in translation studies of world literature, as well as their leading examples. Explanations of the terms latifa and anekdot are provided, and the views of eminent scholars are cited. In addition, the article analyzes cross-cultural communication problems that arise in translating Uzbek folk latifa into other languages. Based on examples from Otaboy Jumaniyozov's work "Sündensack," linguistic and cultural features, national mentality, and the expression of humor and irony in translation are examined on a scholarly basis.

Specific Features of The Speech of Hearing-Impaired Individuals in The Process of Orientation to Social Life

Abdulxamidova Gulnoza — 2026-04-13

This paper examines the specific features of the speech of hearing-impaired individuals in the process of orientation to social life. The relevance of the topic is determined by the fact that hearing loss influences not only auditory perception but also speech production, language development, communicative behavior, social adaptation, and participation in education and community life. The purpose of the study is to identify the main linguistic, psychopedagogical, and social characteristics of the speech of hearing-impaired individuals and to explain how these features affect their orientation to social life. The research is based on theoretical analysis, comparison, interpretation, and synthesis of pedagogical, linguistic, medical, and inclusive-education sources. The findings show that the speech of hearing-impaired individuals is characterized by a specific combination of phonetic, lexical, grammatical, prosodic, and pragmatic features, the severity of which depends on the degree and type of hearing loss, the age of identification, access to an accessible language, early intervention, family support, and educational conditions. The paper argues that speech should not be evaluated only from the standpoint of deviation from hearing norms. It must be understood within a broader framework of communication, identity, inclusion, and social participation. It is concluded that successful orientation to social life requires early and accessible language input, individualized educational support, speech and language intervention where appropriate, communicatively rich environments, and inclusive conditions that promote self-expression and social participation.

Manipulative Principles in The Formation of Pragmatonyms

Munavvarxon Maxammadshokir Qizi Xudoyberdiyeva — 2026-04-11

This article examines the role of pragmatonyms in modern advertising discourse and their manipulative potential. Pragmatonyms are considered as central elements of the advertising onomasticon, functioning as key tools for attracting consumer attention within the AIDA model. The study analyzes graphic, phonetic, morphological, syntactic, lexical-semantic, and stylistic means involved in the creation of pragmatonyms. Special attention is given to manipulation, covert communicative influence, neuro-linguistic programming (NLP), and representational systems. The findings suggest that pragmatonyms should be viewed as multi-layered linguistic constructs performing nominative, advertising, and cognitive-cultural functions.

A Comparative Study of Morphological Adaptation of English Loanwords in Korean And Karakalpak

Bakhbergenova Akerke Shoxan qizi — 2026-04-09

This study explores the morphological adaptation of English loanwords in Korean and Karakalpak from a comparative perspective. In the context of globalization, English has become a major source of lexical borrowing, influencing both languages in different ways. The research is based on data from media, corpora, and dictionaries, comprising approximately 150–200 loanwords. The findings show that both languages employ affixation and hybrid formation to integrate English roots into their morphological systems. However, Korean demonstrates higher productivity and direct borrowing, while Karakalpak shows moderate adaptation often influenced by Russian. The study highlights the role of linguistic structure, cultural factors, and globalization in shaping morphological adaptation processes.

Axiological Characteristics and The Socio-Pragmatic Interpretation of The Female Image in Phraseological Units in English And Uzbek Languages

Korakuzieva Diyora — 2026-04-13

This study examines the representation of the male concept in the phraseological systems of Uzbek, English, and Russian languages. It analyzes the axiological, cognitive, and cultural dimensions of masculinity as encoded in language. The research reveals that male identity is constructed through social roles, responsibility, and normative expectations, while also reflecting ambivalent evaluations shaped by patriarchal cultural experience.

Emotional Tension and The Representation of Fear in Children’s Literature: Comparative Insights from Susan Hill And Xudoyberdi Tukhtaboyev

Gulshoda Avloyorova — 2026-04-11

Fear and emotional tension are important elements in many children’s narratives. This article examines how these feelings are represented in I’m the King of the Castle by Susan Hill and Riding the Yellow Giant by Xudoyberdi Toxtaboyev. The study focuses on situations of loneliness, domination, and psychological pressure that shape the emotional experiences of child characters. Through comparative analysis, the article shows that Hill presents fear through psychological conflict and isolation, whereas Toxtaboyev connects fear with adventurous and imaginative situations that encourage the protagonist’s personal growth. Despite differences in narrative style and cultural context, both works reveal how children’s literature portrays emotional tension and the ways young characters respond to fear.

Lexical and Grammatical Transformation Features in The Translation of Media Texts from Uzbek Into English (Based on The Example of Electronic Newspapers of Uzbekistan)

Ismoilova Gulshoda Turaboy qizi — 2026-04-09

This article examines the lexical and grammatical transformation strategies employed in the translation of media texts from Uzbek into English, with empirical reference to electronic newspapers of Uzbekistan, namely Kun.uz, Gazeta.uz, and UzDaily. The study is grounded in the theoretical frameworks of V.N. Komissarov, L.K. Latishev, and T.R. Levitskaya, and analyses a parallel corpus of 120 text segments covering political, economic, and social news discourse. The findings reveal that transcription and transliteration, lexical addition, calque, motivated omission, modulation, grammatical substitution, and syntactic restructuring constitute the core transformation repertoire in Uzbek-English media translation. The typological distance between the agglutinative SOV structure of Uzbek and the analytic SVO structure of English necessitates systematic grammatical restructuring, while cultural and institutional specificity of Uzbek journalistic texts drives frequent explicitation for international audiences. The article concludes that mastery of transformation strategies is indispensable for achieving communicative equivalence in cross-linguistic media communication.

The Role of Personal Names in Social and Ethnic Contexts: A Socio-Onomastic Approach

Abdurazzoqova Sabokhat Abdurazzoq qizi — 2026-04-13

This article is devoted to the analysis of the role and functional characteristics of personal names in social and ethnic contexts from a socio-onomastic perspective. In the study, personal names are interpreted not only as means of identification, but also as symbolic markers that encode social status, cultural affiliation, and ethnic identity. The article examines the relationship between naming practices and social factors, and demonstrates that the semantic and pragmatic properties of names are closely interconnected with processes of social change. The findings of the study make it possible to consider personal names as an active semiotic system that reflects the cultural and social structure of society and participates in the formation of social identity.

Lexico-Semantic Features of Automotive Terms in English And Uzbek

Azamat Baxramovich — 2026-04-10

This article analyzes the lexico-semantic features of automotive terms in English and Uzbek, as well as the problems that arise during their translation. The study examines key methods used in translation theory - transliteration, transcription, modulation, synonym substitution, antonymic transformation, and descriptive translation - through the lens of automotive terminology. It also explores the semantic categories of terms, the process of interlingual adaptation, and the influence of terms that entered the Uzbek language via Russian. The results demonstrate the importance of ensuring lexico-semantic compatibility and achieving functional adequacy when translating automotive terms.

The Classification of Jargon Units: Theoretical Approaches and Criteria

Zamira Khakimova — 2026-04-08

The article examines the classification of jargon units as a multidimensional problem in contemporary linguistic research. It is argued that jargon represents a socially marked and functionally specialized layer of non-standard vocabulary whose linguistic status can only be adequately established through a multi-criteria approach. The study systematizes the principal theoretical approaches to jargon classification and identifies six basic criteria for its analysis: sphere of use, function, language source, method of formation, degree of circulation and structure. On the basis of the sphere-of use criterion, jargon units are differentiated into professional and social types, while remaining criteria allow for a more precise description of their internal heterogeneity. The analysis demonstrates that jargon is characterized by the interaction of semantic, functional, sociolinguistic, derivational and structural features, which precludes its reduction to a single classificatory principle. The study concludes that a multi-criteria model provides a more consistent and theoretically substantiated framework for the classification of jargon units and offers broader prospects for their further investigation in sociolinguistics, linguoculturology and lexicography.

Conversion in Uzbek And English Anthroponymy: Comparative Study

Abdurahimova Durdona Tavakkaljon qizi — 2026-04-11

This study investigates the formation of anthroponyms through the conversion method in Uzbek and English. The research focuses on the structural, semantic, and cultural mechanisms underlying the transformation of common nouns into proper names without morphological alteration. A comparative analysis demonstrates that while conversion functions in both languages as a primary means of proprialization, its productivity, semantic transparency, and cultural embeddedness differ significantly. The findings indicate that in Uzbek, the conversion method remains a highly active and semantically transparent nominative mechanism, frequently utilized in contemporary naming practices. Conversely, in English, it is largely lexicalized within historical naming strata, particularly concerning occupational surnames and historical virtue names. Through a detailed examination of theoretical foundations and specific naming categories, this article reveals how linguistic typology and cultural cognition intersect in the domain of onomastics.

Linguistic-Poetic Features of Kinship Terms and Their Artistic Interpretation in The Works of O'tkir Hoshimov

Akhtamova Nigora Bakhtiyorovna — 2026-04-09

This article examines the linguistic-poetic characteristics of kinship terminology and their artistic realization in the prose works of prominent Uzbek writer O'tkir Hoshimov, with particular focus on the novel "Ikki eshik orasi" (Between Two Doors). The findings reveal that Hoshimov's prose uses kinship terms to operate on three distinct levels which include denotative meaning and connotative meaning and pragmatic meaning, which function as social relationship markers and emotional connection indicators and cultural identity signs and narrative focalization tools.

The Literary Image of Charles Dickens And the Modus of The Novels Written by The Poet

Raximova Nigora Atakulovna — 2026-04-13

This article discusses the literary image of Ch. Dickens, a writer and poet who occupies a distinctive place in English literature, as well as the literary influence he exerted on other writers. It also clarifies that European prose developed on the basis of the tendency of literary influence toward creative originality.

Constructing Temporality Through Place: A Comparative Analysis of Setting and Time in Uzbek And English Fiction

Kurbonova Surayyo Anvarovna — 2026-04-11

This article provides information about the skillful expression of the concept of time through the image of space in the works of Uzbek and English writers, the features of directly transporting the reader into the atmosphere of the period in which events occur, and thereby having an emotional impact on the reader. It also shows the forms of expression of the concepts of space and time in Uzbek and English fiction, their similarities and differences.

Semantics of Anthroponyms As A Reflection of Folk Perceptions of a Character in Russian Fairy Tales

Jalilova Aziza Abdugani qizi — 2026-04-09

This article examines the semantics of anthroponyms in Russian fairy tales as a linguistic means of reflecting folk perceptions of a character. In folklore, personal names function not only as markers of identification but also as carriers of evaluative, symbolic, and culturally significant meanings. The aim of the study is to determine how anthroponyms in Russian fairy tales verbalize traditional notions of character, moral qualities, emotional state, and social role. The material of the study is drawn from Russian folk tales published in the collections of A. N. Afanasyev. The methodological framework combines semantic, contextual, descriptive, and linguocultural analysis. The findings show that anthroponyms in Russian fairy tales frequently display semantic transparency and are directly involved in the creation of a character image. Such names often convey emotional condition, ethical evaluation, typified social role, or symbolic meaning, thereby becoming an important component of fairy-tale poetics. The study concludes that anthroponyms in Russian fairy tales serve as a verbal form through which folk culture encodes its views on personality and human qualities.

Problems of Interpreting Onomastic Units in Bilingual Dictionaries

Berdiyeva Mashhura Tulqin qizi — 2026-04-13

This article examines the linguistic and extra-linguistic challenges of rendering onomastic units (proper names, place names, and hydronyms) in bilingual dictionaries. It addresses the problem of losing cultural connotations during the translation process. A comparative-typological analysis was conducted using existing English-Russian and English-Uzbek lexicographic sources. The study employs the method of component analysis to identify semantic gaps. The research identifies that standard translation equivalents often fail to convey the "onomastic aura" of a name. It categorizes the primary problems into phonetic distortion, morphological adaptation, and the lack of culturological commentary. The findings suggest a need for "encyclopedic" entries within bilingual dictionaries for specific onomastic layers. The study proposes a model for combined transcription and descriptive translation to preserve the national identity of the source units.

Tourism Terms in The Karakalpak Language

Dauletnazar Seytkasımov — 2026-04-11

This article examines the formation, structure, and functional use of tourism terminology in the Karakalpak language within the context of globalization and linguistic development. In particular, it analyzes the interaction between borrowed terms from English and Russian and native word-formation processes such as suffixation and compounding. Furthermore, the study highlights the role of linguocultural factors, demonstrating how tourism terminology reflects national identity and cultural heritage. In addition, attention is given to functional variation across communicative domains, as well as to the challenges of standardization and codification. The findings indicate that tourism terminology in Karakalpak is a dynamic and hybrid system shaped by both global influences and internal linguistic resources. Therefore, further research and terminological systematization are necessary for effective communication and sustainable tourism development.

The Personality of Mirzo Khayrullo Ho'qandi In the View of Scientists and Creators

Umarjon Melikuziyev — 2026-04-09

This article is aimed at explaining the information provided by researchers who studied the life and work of Mirzo Khairulla Khokandi. The Mirzo's enlightenment activities and literary heritage are discussed. The goals and objectives of our future research on Mirzo Khokandi are outlined.

The Perception of Neologisms in The Cultural Consciousness of The German And Uzbek Languages and The Reflection of Processes of Renewal in The National Worldview

Anvar Botirovich Akhmedov — 2026-04-13

The article examines the perception of neologisms in cultural consciousness and their role in reflecting processes of renewal in the national worldview from linguocultural and cognitive perspectives. The study focuses on the stabilization of neologisms in the language system and demonstrates that their integration depends on their acceptance in collective consciousness, semantic content, and function within social discourse. Based on examples from the German and Uzbek languages, the research analyzes how new lexical units correlate with cultural concepts, value orientations, and social priorities of society. The theoretical framework relies on the works of E. Sapir, P. Bourdieu, G. Lakoff, M. Johnson, and T. van Dijk. The findings show that neologisms not only reflect the dynamic development of language but also serve as linguistic indicators of deeper socio-cultural and cognitive transformations in the national worldview.

Irony in The Dialogues of Pride and Prejudice as A Means of Sustainable Communication

Baymuratova Sarbinaz — 2026-04-10

This research investigates the application and impact of irony within the conversational exchanges of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, analyzing its function as a facilitator of sustainable communication. The study delves into the linguistic and pragmatic aspects of irony, exploring how it shapes interpersonal understanding, reveals character motivations, and critiques societal norms, ultimately contributing to communicative patterns that are both effective and enduring.

Typological Classification of Dictionaries and Their Functional Significance

Khusaynova Munisakhon Yakhshibekovna — 2026-04-09

This article explores the typological classification of dictionaries and their functional significance in language studies. Dictionaries can be categorized into monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual types depending on the number of languages they include. Monolingual dictionaries, such as Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English and Explanatory Dictionary of the Uzbek Language, provide definitions and examples within a single language and are crucial for understanding its internal structure. Bilingual and multilingual dictionaries serve as translation tools, facilitating communication and semantic equivalence across languages. The work of V. K. Muller, particularly his Russian-English Dictionary, is highlighted as a foundational contribution to translation lexicography. This article analyzes the linguistic features, classification, and practical significance of various types of dictionaries in contemporary linguistics.

Conceptual Metaphors in English And Karakalpak Literary Language

Baltabaeva Delfuza Bakhtiyar qizi — 2026-04-11

This article explores the essence, development, and functions of conceptual metaphor within modern linguistics and literature. The study highlights the role of metaphor not only as a stylistic device in language but also as a fundamental mechanism of human thinking and perception. The theoretical views of G. Lakoff, M. Johnson, M. Black and other scholars are discussed in relation to metaphor formation and modeling. The practical part of the paper analyzes conceptual metaphors in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s “The Scarlet Letter” and in the works of Karakalpak writer T. Кayipbergenov “Baxıtsızlar”, comparing metaphorical imagery in English and Karakalpak literature. Examples demonstrate how metaphors reflect emotional experience, worldview, national identity, and spiritual transformation of characters.