American Journal of Philological Sciences

Comparative Analysis Of Person Noun-Forming Affixes In Uzbek And English Languages

Feruza Abdurakhimova Bokhadirovna — 2025-11-08

This article presents a comparative analysis of person noun-forming affixes in Uzbek and English languages. The research examines word formation models in both languages, their structural and semantic features. Eleven active person noun-forming affix models in Uzbek and twelve models in English have been analyzed. The research findings revealed that in Uzbek, models based on nouns predominantly prevail, while in English, words are also actively formed from verbs and adjectives. Additionally, the study identified the presence of special affixes expressing gender indicators in English and specific features of prefix model participation in Uzbek. The article also compares models of other noun-forming affixes in both languages and highlights the national-cultural factors of the word formation system.

Forging Humanity In The Void: A Comparative Analysis Of Radical Freedom And Absurdist Revolt In The Philosophies Of Sartre And Camus

Dr. Alistair Finch — 2025-11-01

Background: The philosophical contributions of Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus represent a critical nexus in 20th-century existentialism. While often grouped together, their views on the fundamental nature of human existence diverged significantly, creating a rich and enduring debate that continues to inform contemporary thought.

Objective: This article provides a detailed comparative analysis of the concepts of human nature in the philosophies of Sartre and Camus. The study aims to move beyond common generalizations to meticulously dissect their foundational differences regarding freedom, consciousness, ethics, and revolt.

Methods: The study employs a comparative textual analysis of key philosophical and literary works by both authors. The analytical framework is structured around three core thematic pillars: (1) the ontological starting point of human existence (Sartre's "nothingness" vs. Camus's "the absurd"); (2) the characteristic human response (Sartre's "radical freedom" vs. Camus's "revolt"); and (3) the resulting ethical frameworks (Sartre's "authenticity" vs. Camus's "limits" and "solidarity"). The analysis is supported by relevant secondary scholarship [e.g., 1, 2, 3, 5, 11, 12].

Results: The analysis demonstrates that Sartre posits a human nature defined by "existence preceding essence," which condemns individuals to a radical and unbound freedom to create their own meaning and values. This freedom is accompanied by the peril of "bad faith." In stark contrast, Camus argues that the universal experience of the absurd gives rise to revolt, an act that reveals an inherent and shared human nature. This revolt establishes intrinsic moral limits, best summarized by his axiom, "I rebel, therefore we are."

Conclusion: While both Sartre and Camus champion human dignity in a meaningless universe, they offer profoundly different paths. Sartre’s humanism is rooted in absolute individual responsibility and self-creation, while Camus’s is a humanism of moderation, shared dignity, and solidarity born from a common condition. This fundamental distinction holds critical implications for contemporary ethical and political discourse.

Abbreviation As A Process Of Linguistic Economy In The Modern Lexical System

Irina Rafailovna Avyasova — 2025-11-07

The article examines the role and place of abbreviations in the modern lexical system of the language. It is emphasized that the active development of abbreviations is driven by the increasing information load, globalization, digitalization, and the need to accelerate communication. Various fields of their usage are analyzed, ranging from science, technology, and the military sphere to everyday speech and online communication. The paper provides examples of different types of abbreviations, including country and city names, institutional titles, professional ranks, and military terminology. The dual nature of abbreviations is highlighted: on the one hand, they enhance conciseness and efficiency of communication; on the other hand, they may hinder text comprehension due to loss of semantic information. The study concludes that abbreviations not only adapt to the language system but also influence its development, shaping new structural and stylistic models. In the context of global communication and digital technologies, their significance continues to grow, making abbreviations an important subject of linguistic research.

Navigating Scientific Discourse: The Co-Construction Of Voice In Second Language Academic Writing

Zebuniso Abdug‘aniyeva — 2025-11-10

This literature review examines authorial voice construction in academic writing, focusing on challenges faced by second language (L2) writers, particularly Uzbek students. Voice, a multidimensional concept encompassing individual, social, and dialogic aspects, remains crucial yet problematic in academic discourse. The study addresses two research questions: identifying features contributing to voice construction and factors influencing voice presentation. Through critical analysis of empirical studies, the review examines Hyland's (2008) interaction model, which identifies stance and engagement as voice components realized through linguistic features including hedges, boosters, attitude markers, self-mention, reader pronouns, and directives. However, findings reveal limitations of sentence-level approaches, highlighting the importance of broader discursive features such as rhetorical moves, citations, and content knowledge. The dialogic perspective demonstrates that voice is co-constructed between writers and readers, with readers' interpretations playing crucial roles. Voice presentation is influenced by disciplinary conventions, genre expectations, and cultural-linguistic backgrounds. Soft sciences employ more interactional markers than hard sciences. L2 writers face unique challenges due to different rhetorical traditions between their L1 and English. The relationship between voice and writing quality remains contested, with studies showing mixed results. The review concludes with pedagogical implications, recommending explicit voice instruction through audience awareness activities, comparative text analysis, and reflective journaling, while acknowledging voice development as a complex, time-dependent process requiring disciplinary experience.

The Role Of “Content” And “Context” Concepts In CBI And CLIL Methods

Shukurova Marifat Xodjiakbar qizi — 2025-11-05

This article explores the theoretical and practical aspects of the concepts “content” and “context” in two modern language teaching approaches - Content-Based Instruction (CBI) and Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL). In the process of language learning, content refers to the instructional material, while context represents the conditions under which the material is learned. Based on literature analysis, methodological approaches, and learning outcomes, the paper demonstrates how these two categories function within an integrative language teaching framework. The results confirm that the harmony of context and content in CBI and CLIL approaches contributes to the development of learners’ communicative and professional competencies.

Traffic Culture As A Factor Of Social Safety: Starting From Childhood

Ergashev Nurmuxammad Jalilovich — 2025-11-10

This article analyzes the pedagogical foundations of teaching children traffic rules and cultivating a culture of adherence to them. The study examines methods for developing traffic safety skills in children through the collaborative efforts of family, school, and society. Additionally, the effectiveness of didactic games, visual aids, and interactive activities is presented on a scientific basis. The pedagogical, social, and cultural features of fostering traffic culture in various countries are also analyzed. Based on the experiences of Sweden, Germany, Japan, the United States, and other countries, effective methods for instilling traffic culture in children from an early age are highlighted. The analysis of international practices provides a rationale for applying advanced approaches within the education system of Uzbekistan.

The Symbiotic Tapestry: Unweaving The Enduring Connection Between Classical Literature And Folklore

Isroilov Khamidzhon Isroilovich — 2025-11-05

This article examines the profound and symbiotic relationship between classical literature and folklore, arguing that the two traditions are not distinct but rather exist on a fluid continuum of narrative exchange. While often positioned in a hierarchical dichotomy—classical literature as "high" culture and folklore as "low" or "popular" culture—a closer analysis reveals a continuous cycle of influence. The article employs the IMRAD structure to investigate this connection. The Introduction establishes the theoretical framework and defines key terms. The Methods section outlines the comparative textual analysis and motif-tracking methodology used to trace folkloric elements within classical texts. The Results section presents a tripartite analysis: first, it explores how foundational works of classical literature, such as Homer's epics, are deeply rooted in pre-existing oral folk traditions; second, it analyzes how later literary authors like Ovid and Chaucer consciously appropriated and refined folk motifs, structuring them into sophisticated literary forms; and third, it demonstrates how these literary works, in turn, feedback into and enrich the living stream of oral folklore, creating a recursive cycle. The Discussion contextualizes these findings, emphasizing that the transformation of folk material into literature represents not an act of supersession but one of preservation and re-contextualization, ensuring the survival and continued relevance of archetypal narratives. The article concludes that the boundary between classical literature and folklore is porous, and their enduring connection is fundamental to understanding the evolution of Western narrative tradition.

Synchronous Study Of Fire Safety Lexical Units In Uzbek Languages

Saidova Nodira Djaxangirovna — 2025-11-10

In this study, the synchronous development of lexical units and combinations related to fire safety in the Uzbek language is studied. In this study, the ideas of many linguists of the world about terms and lexical units are put forward, and the role of English and Russian in the formation of lexical units and combinations related to the field of fire safety in the Uzbek language is discussed. In the formation of each lexical unit, intercultural differences are discussed in detail. After our country gained independence, attention to the issue of nationalization in written and oral speech increased, and the need arose to name terms and terms in the Uzbek language. After the collapse of the USSR, the independent development of all the CIS republics was observed in every sphere, including military technology. Progress in each area occurred through strengthening cooperation with developed countries, studying and appropriately assimilating their experience. This, in turn, led to the widespread penetration of terms into the field of linguistics, that is, to a “terminological explosion”.

Intercultural Miscommunication In Digital Discourse: Linguistic And Cultural Factors

Musayeva Adiba Abdumajidovna — 2025-11-05

In the era of digital communication, intercultural miscommunication has become an increasingly salient issue, reflecting the intersection between linguistic behaviour and cultural norms. The study explores how language, context, and cultural expectations interact within online communication platforms to produce misunderstanding. Drawing upon theories of intercultural pragmatics, digital discourse analysis, and cultural linguistics, the paper identifies linguistic (lexical ambiguity, pragmatic failure, code-switching) and cultural (contextual expectations, politeness conventions, emoji interpretation) factors that contribute to miscommunication in digital settings. The research synthesis insights from international scholars (Hall, Hofstede, Thomas, Herring) as well as Russian and Uzbek academics (Karasik, Issers, Yuldasheva, Makhkamova) to provide a comparative view of how cultural variables shape online discourse. Examples from English, Russian, and Uzbek digital interactions demonstrate that the lack of shared background knowledge often results in pragmatic failure and distortion of intended meaning. The findings highlight the necessity for enhanced intercultural and digital literacy in modern language education and underscore the growing importance of context awareness in globalised digital spaces.

The Use Of Alphanumeric Abbreviations In English And Uzbek Texts

Salomova Gavhar Abdinazarovna — 2025-11-08

This article analyzes the linguistic, semantic, and pragmatic features of alphanumeric abbreviations (those combining letters and numbers) in English and Uzbek. The study compares their structural models, spheres of usage, and cultural connotations. It also explores the reasons for the emergence of such abbreviations in the context of globalization, technology, and digital communication.

About Fizuli's Work “Rind And Zahid”

Rahmonova Zulayho Jamolovna — 2025-11-10

The Persian works of Muhammad Fuzuli require separate studies in terms of their language, art, and theme. The article discusses the idea of the poet's famous work “Rind and Zahid” and the world of mystical images. The world of images, symbols and emblems of Eastern classical literature has a certain sequence and gradual development. Their roots have different foundations. However, the main source of influence of classical literature is the Holy Quran and the Holy Hadith. The main idea, art and the emergence of images of literary literature are connected to these two sacred sources. The source of origin of Zahid and Rind among the images of the lover, the arif, the beloved, the sociable, the pir and dervish, is also divine books. These two images of Rind and Zahid, which served to improve each other, are contrasted with each other in fully expressing the author's theme. But both images are exemplary for human qualities and morality. After all, their goal is the same. Only the paths leading to the Truth are different. Fuzuli shows the mystical way of life and the manners of the order through the dialogue between the father, a hermit, and the son, a rind. Both the father's advice and the son's passion for knowledge are directed towards humanity. The article also shows the significance of the work in human development today. Comments are also made about Fuzuli's potential and skill.

Comparative Analysis Of Advertising Texts In Russian And Uzbek Languages

Akhmadov Mirzobek Rakhmatullaevich — 2025-11-06

This article is devoted to the analysis of linguistic means used in advertising texts aimed at a female audience in the Russian and Uzbek languages. It examines phonetic, lexical, morphological, and syntactic features of advertising discourse. Special attention is paid to the use of emotionally colored vocabulary, stylistic devices, borrowings, and gender stereotypes. The comparative analysis reveals both similarities and differences in language influence strategies in the two compared languages. The study emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive approach to analyzing advertising texts as a tool for shaping consumer behavior and influencing the target audience.

The Hybrid Genre In Karakalpak Children’s Literature (Based On Sh. Seitov’s “Qiyal Atawy”)

Tursynbaev Ilkham — 2025-11-10

This article investigates the genre status of Sh. Seyitov’s “Qıyal Atawı” (Dream Island). While the author calls it a “novel in verse”, opponents claim it is a poem. Using textual analysis, comparative genre theory, and historical exemplars (Pushkin, Goethe, Byron, Lermontov), the study finds that the work occupies a liminal position: it satisfies many novella/short-novel (повесть) criteria ‒ plot structure, multiple protagonists, episodic composition ‒ yet its poetic form, lyrical digressions and sustained verse-cadence align it with epic/poetic narratives (poems, verse-novels). The article argues for treating “Qıyal Atawı” as a hybrid genre ‒ an authentic instance of the verse-novel phenomenon ‒ and discusses implications for genre theory and pedagogy.

Transformation Of The Language System Under The Influence Of Information Technologies

Xidirov Otabek Juraboyevich — 2025-11-05

This article analyzes the interplay between information technology concepts and language, as well as the linguistic problems that arise in this area and the reasons for their emergence.

English Comparisons In Cultural And Historical Context

G.A. Usenova — 2025-11-10

Comparison is one of the oldest and most expressive devices in the English language. It not only imbues speech with imagery and emotion but also reflects a national worldview, value system, and cultural characteristics. Each comparison carries a cultural and historical code—an echo of a particular era, beliefs, traditions, and social norms. This article examines the cultural and historical context of English similes, which allows for a deeper understanding of the development of the language, as well as the characteristics of English thought and imagery.

From Silence To Self-Expression: Representations Of Gender Inequality In Uzbek Literature Of The Independence Period

Shaira Narmatova — 2025-11-05

For decades, gender inequality in Uzbek literature was viewed through a patriarchal lens, with male authors largely representing women’s issues. Consequently, twentieth-century women writers rarely challenged gender stereotypes. In the twenty-first century, however, new feminist-oriented perspectives have emerged. This article seeks to deepen understanding of gender, feminism, and the representation of women in Uzbek literature while rethinking traditional views.