American Journal of Applied Science and Technology

A Systematic Analysis of Machine Learning Approaches for Automated Skin Cancer Classification and Diagnostic Support

Nguyen Minh Quan — 2026-10-01

Skin cancer classification has increasingly become an important application area for machine learning because conventional diagnostic workflows may require substantial clinical expertise, specialized imaging, and careful interpretation of visually similar skin lesions. This research presents a systematic analytical review of machine learning approaches used for automated skin cancer classification and diagnostic support, with particular emphasis on conventional machine learning, convolutional neural networks (CNNs), ensemble learning, transfer-oriented deep learning architectures, and hybrid classification systems. The study synthesizes the findings of 18 provided publications and comparatively examines their methodological characteristics, classification strategies, diagnostic objectives, and practical implications. The analysis indicates a progression from conventional classifiers such as K-nearest neighbors (KNN), support vector machines (SVM), random forests, and linear discriminant analysis toward CNN-based and ensemble deep-learning approaches. CNN architectures demonstrate strong potential for extracting discriminative visual features directly from skin lesion images, while hybrid and ensemble approaches seek to improve robustness by combining complementary learning mechanisms. Studies involving EfficientNets, parallel CNNs, combined deep learners, and CNN-SVM configurations further demonstrate the diversification of automated classification architectures. However, the literature also reveals persistent challenges involving model generalizability, dataset variability, interpretability, computational requirements, and clinical integration. The review consequently positions machine learning not as a replacement for dermatological expertise but as a decision-support technology capable of improving consistency, screening efficiency, and diagnostic prioritization when appropriately validated.

Development of Digital Models and Algorithms for Assessing the Technical Condition, Early Fault Detection, And Efficiency Optimization of Photovoltaic Modules

Maxammadiev Farrukh Mirazimovich — 2026-10-13

This paper proposes a digital-model-based approach for near-real-time assessment of the technical condition of photovoltaic (PV) modules, considering the influence of external operational and climatic factors and enabling early-stage fault detection. Solar irradiance, module temperature, ambient temperature, relative humidity, and soiling level are considered as input variables, while current, voltage, and power are treated as the key observable electrical outputs. The proposed method estimates the expected current, voltage, and power of a normally operating PV module by means of a physics-based digital model and compares these values with measured data. Normalized residuals are then used to construct an adaptive diagnostic threshold and a composite anomaly score. In addition, an integral Health Index (HI) is introduced for interpretable assessment of module condition. The approach is intended to distinguish natural power fluctuations caused by weather from genuine technical degradation and faults such as soiling, partial shading, hot spots, connection resistance growth, string faults, and long-term degradation. A hybrid architecture combining a physics-based model, digital twin principles, residual analysis, adaptive thresholds, and machine-learning classification is proposed as the basis for predictive maintenance of photovoltaic power plants.

Quantum-Mechanical Modeling of The Electronic Structure, Spatial Configuration, And Vibrational Dynamics of The Bis (Ethylenedithio) Tetraselenafulvalene (BEDT-TSF) Molecule

Kh. Sh. Adilova — 2026-10-10

The bis (ethylenedithio) tetraselenafulvalene (BEDT-TSF) molecular system is a fundamental structural element from which low-dimensional organic conductors and superconductors are formed. In this work, a comprehensive study of the physical properties of an isolated neutral BEDT-TSF molecule in its ground state was conducted using density functional theory (DFT) methods. Within the framework of a consistent quantum-mechanical approach, the spectrum of single-electron states near the Fermi surface (frontier molecular orbitals) was initially determined, and the Kohn–Sham HOMO–LUMO orbital energy gap was calculated. Based on the electron density distribution, the spatial configuration of the nuclei was optimized, and the macroscopic thermodynamic characteristics of the system were calculated. Analysis of the matrix of second derivatives of the energy with respect to nuclear coordinates confirmed the dynamic stability of the structure (complete absence of imaginary frequencies) and allowed for a detailed description of the phonon spectrum of normal harmonic vibrations, which determines the parameters of the electron-phonon interaction in condensed phases of charge-transfer salts.

SAP PP–Digital Manufacturing Integration for Intelligent Lean Production and Operational Efficiency

Dinesh Perera — 2026-10-01

Modern manufacturing systems increasingly require the integration of production planning, inventory control, real-time production execution, and adaptive decision-making. This paper examines a conceptual framework for lean production optimization through SAP Production Planning (SAP PP) and SAP Digital Manufacturing integration, using inventory optimization, uncertainty management, sustainability, and digitally enabled operational coordination as its theoretical foundations. The study adopts a structured conceptual methodology based exclusively on the supplied literature. The reviewed studies demonstrate that inventory systems must simultaneously address uncertain demand, perishability, replenishment decisions, supply-chain disruption, sustainability, and computational optimization. These requirements provide a theoretical basis for integrating SAP PP planning functions with digitally connected manufacturing execution capabilities. The proposed framework links demand and inventory information, material requirements planning, production scheduling, shop-floor execution, feedback analytics, and continuous improvement into an integrated decision cycle. The analysis indicates that such integration can reduce the separation between planning and execution, improve responsiveness to demand variability, support lean inventory policies, and strengthen production visibility. However, integration effectiveness depends on data quality, model reliability, organizational coordination, and the ability to balance inventory efficiency against service-level and production-capacity requirements. The study contributes a research-oriented conceptual model for positioning SAP PP and SAP Digital Manufacturing as complementary components of a lean, data-driven production environment.

Development of An Information-Analytical System for Assessing and Forecasting Solar Power Plant Energy Generation Based on Meteorological Forecasts and Real-Time Monitoring, With Applications to Reliable and Safe Operation

Maxammadiev Farrukh Mirazimovich — 2026-10-13

This paper presents the concept of an information-analytical system for assessing and forecasting the energy generation of solar power plants on the basis of meteorological forecasts and real-time monitoring data. The proposed system integrates weather information, plant-side measurements, SCADA streams, digital performance models, and analytical decision support for short-term and medium-term forecasting. In addition to generation prediction, the study introduces practical monitoring-based methods for extending equipment lifetime and ensuring operational safety. The approach combines solar resource assessment, photovoltaic performance modeling, power forecasting, condition monitoring, availability analysis, and risk-based maintenance support within a unified architecture. A conceptual framework is proposed in which forecast meteorological variables and real-time electrical and thermal measurements are processed by an information-analytical core that evaluates expected generation, identifies deviations, estimates technical condition, and recommends preventive actions. Illustrative simulation-style graphs and engineering diagrams are provided to demonstrate the behavior of the proposed models and the structure of the analytical system.

Systematic Organization of Extracurricular Research and Club Activities in Teaching the Section "Diversity of Living Organisms"

Dilfuza Ya. Saparbaeva — 2026-10-12

Extracurricular activities and subject-specific science clubs serve as vital pedagogical catalysts for bridging theoretical knowledge and practical research application in secondary biology education. This study investigates the systematic organization of extracurricular research and club activities specifically designed for the topic "Diversity of Living Organisms." Using a structured 3-phase extracurricular framework (Preparatory-Field Work, Digital & Laboratory Analysis, Synthesis & Reporting), a pedagogical experiment was conducted with 68 secondary school students (N=68) divided into Experimental (n=34) and Control (n=34) groups. Quantitative analysis using Student's t-test revealed a statistically significant (p < 0.001) increase in students' research competencies, species identification skills, and ecological analytical abilities in the experimental group. The study demonstrates that integrating field ecology, local biodiversity monitoring, and digital specimen archiving into biology club structures substantially enhances long-term conceptual retention and scientific inquiry skills.

Age- And Sex-Specific Physical Fitness Standards Across the Lifespan in Uzbekistan: A Comparative Analysis of Normative Design and International Reference Frameworks

Salimov Utkirjon Shaydullaevich — 2026-10-10

Background: Age- and sex-specific physical fitness standards are widely used to evaluate population fitness, guide physical education and sport programmes, and support public-health surveillance. However, national systems differ substantially in test selection, age stratification, sex differentiation, normative design, and interpretation of performance thresholds. Uzbekistan has established a nationwide physical fitness testing system covering childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and older age, yet its age- and sex-specific standards have not been comprehensively examined in relation to major international reference frameworks.

Objective: This review aimed to analyse the age- and sex-specific normative structure of Uzbekistan’s national physical fitness standards across the lifespan and to compare their design and interpretive characteristics with established international fitness assessment and reference frameworks.

Methods: A comparative review of the Uzbek national normative testing system was undertaken alongside international frameworks and evidence relevant to youth, adults, and older adults, including Eurofit, ALPHA-Fitness, FitBack, YFIT, FITNESSGRAM/NETFIT, adult field-based fitness evidence, and functional-fitness approaches for older populations. The comparison focused on age-group structure, sex-specific differentiation, test selection, fitness domains, normative versus criterion-referenced interpretation, threshold design, health relevance, and applicability to population surveillance.

Results: Uzbekistan’s system provides a broad lifespan architecture comprising 11 age categories and age- and sex-specific Level I–III performance standards. Sex differentiation is evident from childhood and becomes increasingly pronounced in adulthood through both different thresholds and, in some cases, different test selection. Compared with international frameworks, the Uzbek system demonstrates greater breadth in combining health-related fitness, performance-oriented fitness, motor competence, sport-specific skills, and functional or adapted tasks. International systems, by contrast, more commonly employ smaller standardized test cores and more explicit distinctions between normative reference values, health-related criterion standards, and functional thresholds. The reviewed national documentation does not establish that Uzbekistan’s Level I–III thresholds were derived from health outcomes or validated as health-risk cut-points.

Conclusions: Uzbekistan possesses a comprehensive age- and sex-differentiated physical fitness standards system with substantial potential for national monitoring. Future development should prioritize age-specific validation, transparent derivation of reference standards, clearer separation of performance norms from health-related criteria, sex-specific psychometric evaluation, and improved comparability with international population-fitness surveillance frameworks.