American Journal of Applied Science and Technology

Beyond Confidentiality: A Dynamic Framework for Systemic Risk Management and Enhanced Resilience in Critical Infrastructure Operations

2025-11-14T05:59:31+00:00

Purpose: Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) underpinning critical infrastructure face unique security challenges due to the interconnected nature of their computational and physical components. Traditional Information Technology (IT) risk assessment methods prove inadequate, as they fail to quantify the kinetic impact—the physical and safety consequences—of a cyber breach. This study addresses this critical gap by proposing and defining a novel Unified Cyber-Physical Risk Management (UCPRM) Framework.

Methodology: The UCPRM Framework is built upon three core principles: holistic IT/OT integration, real-time dynamism, and quantitative consequence mapping. The framework introduces a Cyber-Physical Attack Graph (CPAG) to model complex, cascading failures and a Kinetic Impact Score (KIS) metric to translate cyber likelihoods into measurable physical and financial risk. The methodology integrates established international standards (ISO, NIST) with continuous operational telemetry data for dynamic risk updates.

Findings: Application of the UCPRM Framework to a simulated critical infrastructure environment demonstrated that traditional IT-centric risk models significantly underestimate the actual risk profile of CPS by failing to account for the KIS. The framework's real-time risk score enabled predictive alerting and superior resource allocation decisions, aligning security investments with actual physical safety and continuity concerns.

Originality: The UCPRM Framework is the first to seamlessly integrate real-time operational data with a structured, quantitative mechanism for assessing the physical consequences of cyber-attacks, offering a necessary paradigm shift for managing the security and resilience of critical CPS.

The Evolution Of Hydraulic Fracturing: A Comprehensive Review Of Techniques, Technological Innovations, And Environmental Consequences

2025-11-01T06:50:49+00:00

Background: Hydraulic fracturing is an indispensable technology for extracting oil and gas from unconventional reservoirs, fundamentally altering the global energy landscape. However, its operational complexity and environmental footprint necessitate continuous innovation. A comprehensive synthesis of traditional techniques, emerging innovations, and associated environmental impacts is required to guide future development.

Objective: This article provides a systematic review of hydraulic fracturing, charting its evolution from foundational methods to cutting-edge technologies. It aims to (1) analyze the principles and applications of various fracturing techniques, (2) highlight key technological innovations in fluids and methods, and (3) critically evaluate the environmental impacts and corresponding mitigation strategies.

Methods: The analysis is based on a structured review of seminal and contemporary literature. The works are categorized to compare proppant and acid fracturing; assess applications in diverse geologies like shale, high-pressure/high-temperature, and mature fields; and examine novel methods, including supercritical CO2, foam-based, and plasma-based fracturing. The review integrates findings from field case studies and advanced simulation models to connect theory with practice.

Results: The review confirms a clear technological progression from water-intensive conventional methods to waterless or reduced-water alternatives designed to enhance efficiency and minimize environmental risks. Innovations like supercritical CO2 and plasma fracturing offer promising solutions for shale reservoirs. Advanced modeling techniques have proven crucial for optimizing fracture network complexity and well performance in challenging environments. While these innovations address key issues like water consumption, significant environmental challenges, particularly concerning water management and induced seismicity, persist.

Conclusion: The future of hydraulic fracturing hinges on developing and deploying technologies that are both economically viable and environmentally sustainable. While significant progress has been made, current predictive models for managing environmental risks remain a key area for improvement. Future research must focus on the long-term scalability of novel techniques and the creation of integrated models that fully account for complex geological and environmental interactions.

Method For Assessing The Operating Mode Of Pump Stations In The Karshi Machine Channel Cascade And Calculating Their Hydraulic Parameters

2025-11-20T12:06:17+00:00

First of all, the method for improving the pumping station and the anti-machine channel cascade is based on the design mode of the pumping station and the parameters of the water and channel flow, as well as the development of a hydraulic model. which characterizes the mutual dynamics of the hydraulic parameters of the pump unit and the flow of water and channel, as well as the energy characteristics of the motor pump.

Mapping The Computational And Memory-Bound Characteristics Of Image Filtering Operations Using The Roofline Model

2025-11-13T07:53:23+00:00

The Roofline model offers a compact way to reason about whether an image-processing kernel is limited by floating-point throughput or by memory bandwidth. This article applies the Roofline framework to canonical filters—generic 3×3 convolution, Sobel edge detection with gradient magnitude, and separable Gaussian blurs (5×5 and 7×7)—to map their computational intensity and predict performance on representative CPU and GPU profiles. We formalize arithmetic intensity under transparent assumptions for single-channel 32-bit images and two-pass separable pipelines, and we derive bandwidth-bound ceilings and compute-bound plateaus for each architecture. Using an illustrative device pair (CPU with 500 GFLOP/s peak and 50 GB/s bandwidth; GPU with 10 TFLOP/s peak and 300 GB/s bandwidth), we show that the studied filters occupy the bandwidth-limited region with intensities between ≈0.38 and ≈1.25 FLOPs/byte, which implies that improving blocking, reuse, and data movement often dominates raw FLOP optimization. A Roofline chart and a comparative table report predicted ceilings in GFLOP/s and converted pixel-throughput ceilings for each kernel. We discuss implications for schedule design, separability, and pipeline organization and argue that Roofline-guided reasoning helps prioritize cache tiling, fusion, and memory-traffic reduction before micro-optimizing scalar FLOPs.

Study Of Methods For Obtaining Potassium Sulfate

2025-11-20T12:02:45+00:00

This article describes methods for obtaining potassium sulfate. Information on the physicochemical properties of potassium sulfate and some raw materials is also provided. Modern progress in agriculture, along with the introduction of new high-yielding varieties, increased mechanization of field work and irrigation, is largely determined by the degree of its chemicalization and, above all, the use of mineral fertilizers, plant growth and development stimulants, and chemical pesticides.

Green Chemistry Principles In Biopolymer Synthesis

2025-11-12T05:13:10+00:00

The transition to sustainable polymer production is urgent in response to global plastic pollution and fossil resource depletion. Biopolymers — derived from renewable resources or produced biologically — offer promising alternatives to conventional plastics, but their synthesis and processing must adhere to green chemistry principles to realize environmental benefits. This review synthesizes core green chemistry strategies applied in biopolymer synthesis, including renewable feedstocks, benign solvents, enzyme and heterogeneous catalysis, energy-efficient processes, and waste-minimization. Case studies on polylactic acid (PLA), chitosan, and bacterial cellulose illustrate practical implementations and techno-economic considerations. Metrics and life cycle assessment (LCA) approaches used to quantify “greenness” are discussed, as are challenges for scale-up and regulatory acceptance. Recommendations highlight integrated process design, circularity through end-of-life planning, and interdisciplinary research needs to accelerate adoption.

Assessment Of The Potential For Zoning Water-Saving Irrigation Technologies Based On The Aridity Index

2025-11-22T11:49:48+00:00

This article presents the results of assessing aridity indicators by districts of Jizzakh region for the period 2021–2024. Table 1 provides calculations of M.I. Budyko’s radiation aridity index for total and irrigated areas, showing that the values vary within a very narrow range across districts, which indicates a relatively uniform background of natural radiation aridity in the region. Table 2 presents a comparative analysis of an improved aridity index that accounts for irrigation-specific factors and components of the water balance; it is shown that the aridity index for total areas generally ranges from 1.2 to 1.6, while for irrigated areas in some districts it reaches 2.0–3.0. This reflects a deficit of water resources and a high drought potential during the vegetation period, and confirms the urgency of introducing water-saving and innovative irrigation technologies, differentiating crop structure, and implementing adaptive water resources management, especially in the districts of Zomin, Zafarabad, Arnasay and Mirzachul.

Theoretical Basis Of Cascade Dryer Aerodynamics And Evaluation Of Variable Parameters

2025-11-20T04:35:59+00:00

This article discusses the theoretical foundations of the aerodynamics of a cascade dryer used in the industrial drying of wheat grain and the physical and mathematical models of the heat and mass transfer processes occurring in it. The efficiency of the dryer is evaluated depending on the air flow rate, temperature, partial pressure, and moisture properties of the grain being dried. The study analyzed the effects of parameters such as the drying agent motion mode, resistance coefficients in the grain layer, mass transfer coefficient hm, and evaporation coefficient φs. Also, the relationships between the saturation pressure of water vapor on the grain surface psat(Ts), air humidity Yxavo, and air density ρn.u were developed. The results obtained serve to determine the optimal technological modes that allow for energy-efficient drying of wheat while maintaining quality indicators.

Comparative Analysis Of Bio-Composites Derived From Animal Chitosan And Fungal Chitosan

2025-11-07T07:25:29+00:00

Chitosan, a biopolymer derived from chitin, is widely recognized for its biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-toxic characteristics. Animal-derived chitosan, extracted primarily from crustacean shells, has been the conventional source for decades. However, fungal-derived chitosan has recently gained traction as a sustainable and hypoallergenic alternative. This extended article explores structural, physicochemical, and biological differences between animal and fungal chitosan, analyzing their advantages, limitations, and potential applications in medicine, agriculture, food packaging, nanotechnology, and environmental science. The paper further highlights recent research developments (2018–2025), sustainability implications, and future perspectives. Comparative graphs, tables, and literature insights are included to provide a comprehensive understanding of bio-composites based on both sources.

Apoptosis And The Role Of Caspases In The Regulation Of Cellular Stress

2025-11-22T09:14:12+00:00

Apoptosis is programmed cell death triggered by the destruction of the cytoskeleton by proteases and DNA cleavage by endonucleases. This process occurs through various homeostatic and pathological pathways and plays a vital role in maintaining the body's homeostasis, eliminating cells that pose a threat to its survival.

Caspases play a key role both in triggering apoptosis (programmed cell death) in the event of irreversible damage and in adaptive cellular responses to moderate stress. More precisely, apoptosis is the controlled elimination of cells deemed unnecessary or potentially dangerous to the body.

Decay Of Ni Impurity Accumulations In Si Under The Influence Of Thermal Annealing

2025-11-14T07:36:23+00:00

In this article, the effect of thermal annealing on the electrical conductivity of nickel-doped silicon single crystals is investigated. The results of analyses of morphological parameters of impurity accumulations of nickel under the influence of heat treatment, obtained using the method of electron microscopy, are presented. It is revealed that under the influence of thermal annealing at T=1173 K, impurity accumulations of nickel in silicon decay.

Molecular Mechanisms Of Catabolism And Their Significance For Cellular Metabolism

2025-11-07T07:11:27+00:00

This study examines the molecular mechanisms of catabolism as the foundation of energy and plastic metabolism in the cell. Particular attention is given to the sequence of biochemical reactions that ensure the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simple metabolites. The oxidative pathways of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein degradation, as well as their interrelations within the overall metabolic system, are analyzed. It is demonstrated that catabolic processes play a crucial role in regulating the cell’s energy balance and maintaining homeostasis. The specific features of enzymatic control and intermolecular interactions determining the efficiency of catabolic reactions have been identified. The obtained results may serve as a theoretical basis for further research in the field of cellular biochemistry and metabolic regulation.

Urban Planning Foundations For The Design And Organization Of Recreational And Service Areas Along Intercity Highways

2025-11-21T11:24:25+00:00

This article analyzes the types of roadside rest areas along intercity highway routes, their functional structure, and the characteristics of their spatial placement from a scientific and architectural perspective. The increasing traffic flow on major highways, the growing demand for safe travel conditions for drivers and passengers, and the rising need for service facilities highlight the necessity of modern approaches to the design of rest areas. The article presents a classification of rest areas (minimum, basic, and comprehensive service zones), their service categories, sanitary and hygienic requirements, transport-logistical placement criteria, and environmental approaches. In addition, urban planning parameters and international practices are examined to determine optimal spacing, capacity, and functional organization of such zones. The study concludes with practical recommendations aimed at improving highway transport infrastructure, modernizing roadside service networks, and enhancing the efficiency of interregional transport connections.

The Impact Of A Combination Of Healthy Eating And Physical Activity On Student Health

2025-11-14T05:50:45+00:00

This research article explores the significance of healthy nutrition and physical activity in maintaining and improving the health of university students. The study analyzed students’ dietary habits, their participation in sports activities, and the effects on the body’s functional indicators. The findings indicate that the combination of regular physical exercise and balanced nutrition helps regulate metabolic processes, prevent excess weight gain, and improve mental and emotional well-being. Practical recommendations for promoting a healthy lifestyle among students are also provided.

The Presence Form Iridium In Waste Gases Of Copper Production

2025-11-20T12:03:46+00:00

The modern development of metallurgy requires comprehensive processing of raw materials with the extraction of valuable components from technogenic waste. Despite the presence of significant quantities of valuable components in technogenic waste, a significant aspect is the form of occurrence and properties of the extracted component, as their physicochemical properties during interaction with process reagents lead to unpredictable interactions. To select an effective technology and assess the quality of the resulting product, it is necessary to investigate and analyze the chemical and mineralogical formations of compounds in the raw materials. Consequently, iridium is present in the exhaust gases of the copper smelting section. Iridium belongs to the rarest and most refractory elements of the platinum group. Despite its extremely low content in nature, it can be present in the waste flows of non-ferrous metallurgy, especially during the processing of copper-nickel and copper-molybdenum sulfide ores containing platinum metal impurities. The capture and extraction of iridium from exhaust gases is becoming both ecologically relevant and resource-saving. This article is dedicated to the analysis of the forms of iridium's presence in gases, the thermodynamic aspects of its behavior in various types of furnaces, and the technical possibilities of its capture and extraction.

Optimization Of Power Supply Systems For Mobile Network Base Stations

2025-11-12T08:06:02+00:00

The modern era of telecommunications is characterized by an insatiable demand for connectivity, which has created a pressing need to optimize the energy efficiency of base station subsystems. The base station subsystem serves as the backbone of mobile communication networks and is a significant consumer of power. This article explores contemporary trends in the realm of telecommunications infrastructure to promote a more sustainable and eco-friendly future.

Mplementation Of The Process Of High Temperature Diffusion Treatment

2025-11-22T11:53:28+00:00

The test specimens and finished products were subjected to high-temperature diffusion treatment in low-melting metal melts. The final mechanically processed products, which reached a roughness of Rz40-Ra2.5, were degreased with alcohol and acetone before loading into the furnace. The working ampoules were made of grade 10 carbon steel and were solid metal, with an outer diameter of up to 85 mm, a height of up to 180 mm, and a wall thickness of up to 8 mm, allowing for maximum utilization of the working space of the SShV-1.2.5/25-I1 vacuum furnace. When studying the kinetics of the effect of melt composition on the HTAD process, smaller ampoule specimens with an outer diameter of 20 mm, a height of 35 mm, and a wall thickness of 3 mm were used.

Defects Arising In The Process Of Sewing Outerwear

2025-11-20T10:41:12+00:00

This article examines defects that arise during the outerwear sewing process. Defects in the sewing seam at garment manufacturing facilities were also examined during the outerwear sewing process. The study identified instances of needle friction and thread burning of clothing materials. The study found that many thread breaks are caused by damage to the warp and weft threads of the clothing material.

An Algorithm For Selecting Informative Symbols Based On Determining The Measure Of Information In A Nominally Informed Space

2025-11-11T05:54:20+00:00

The article reveals the issue of reducing the size of the phase of features describing objects, from data mining to brain cancer diseases. Initially, with the support of specialists in the field of medicine, 218 objects of the 4th class were conducted (it is a paid astrocytoma of the right hemisphere of the brain; Adenoma of the cellar region of the brain; Glioblastoma of the right-sided region of the brain; Meningioma of the right frontal region of the brain) and a training sample of 19 characters is formed. In this educational selection, the features characterizing the objects of the class are expressed as a nominal value. For this reason, this article proposes an algorithm for solving the problem of choosing a set of informative symbols based on determining the measurement of information in a nominal data space.

Studying The Importance Of Processes Performing A Useful Function Due To Movement-Based Vibratory Movement

2025-11-22T11:46:57+00:00

This article studies the physical and mathematical models of technological processes based on induced vibrational motions and their significance in industrial sectors. The influence of vibrational (vibrational) action on mass transfer, energy distribution and structure stabilization in liquid, solid and mixed media is analyzed. Also, the energy-saving and eco-technological advantages of using vibrating systems in chemical and building materials production processes are shown.

The Production Of Organic Reagents From Renewable Raw Materials

2025-11-15T10:36:52+00:00

This comprehensive article deeply analyzes the production of organic reagents from renewable raw materials, focusing on technological, environmental, and economic aspects. It emphasizes the significance of renewable feedstocks such as lignocellulosic biomass, plant oils, and algae as sustainable alternatives to fossil-based sources. Moreover, it examines recent innovations, industrial applications, and future directions in green chemistry.

Cyano-Acylation And Cyano-Esterification Of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

2025-11-07T07:21:53+00:00

This review aims to summarize the current literature on the direct vicinal cyano-acylation and cyano-esterification of unsaturated hydrocarbons, with a particular focus on the mechanistic features of these reactions. This review is structured into four main sections. The first section covers the cyano-acylation of alkenes, followed by a discussion of cyano-esterification of alkenes in the second section. The third section consists of an overview of cyano-acylation of alkynes, while the final section focuses on the cyano-esterification of alkynes.

Opportunities For Organizing Counterflow (Reversion) Traffic For Motor Vehicles

2025-11-21T11:25:27+00:00

Managing traffic flows in modern urban infrastructure shapes the efficiency of the transport system. In recent years, the rapid growth of vehicles in major cities of Uzbekistan, especially in Samarkand, has strained existing road networks and increased congestion. Along with building new roads, the introduction of intelligent control systems and reversible traffic methods has become an urgent priority.